Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report Free Essays

string(45) " are totally different and conflicting ones\." This Value Management and Value Engineering (VM/VE) Study Report summarizes the benefits of various proposals for a strategic level Value Management process followed by Value Engineering Study in order to obtain a better Value for Money (VFM) for any projects. This report is prepared specially for our Client M/s. SBEinnovations Ltd for the construction of the Mixed-Use Recreation and Commercial Centre Project. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Value Management and Value Engineering is a technique on any projects that can be delivered in the most economical way. Normally, Value Management processes are carried out before Value Engineering Study to determine how it can add value to the Client business by a delivery of a project which is carried out during the initial Client brief of a project. It is an integral part of any projects. Whereas Value Engineering is a technical study on a selected design for its technical viability and cost studies which is carried out during detailed design stage. United Project Management (UPM) believes that VM and VE have the greatest influence and impact at the strategy and design stage respectively. It requires reliable and appropriate cost data, design information, ideas, past experience and uses brain-storming workshops by our team of experts under the direction of the Project Manager. Value Management is a continuous process from inception to completion. The purpose of conducting the Value Management workshop is to set up an effective partnership agreement which should seek to achieve the scope and benefits of the project with respect of time, cost and quality. The benefits of Value Management contribute towards this project especially since the project is still in its early stages. Some of the concepts through which SBEinnovations Ltd can obtain value for money (VFM) are mentioned below; 1. Reduced Learning Curve 2. Improved communications and decision procedures 3. Improved quality and programming This report also includes a recommendation on Value Engineering Study conducted before the completed design stage and construction activities. Issues targeted during VE study include: 1. Design Optimization 2. Selection of Procurement Route 3. Cost, Quality and Time 4. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study 5. Stakeholders Coordination 1. Introduction This report explains how Value Management and Value Engineering studies can contribute value to the Client before commencement of a project. The report summarises the key principles of Value Management and Value Engineering in the context of construction project of mixed-use recreation and commercial centre for SBEInnovations Ltd. This report is prepared for SBEinnovations Ltd on their request for proposals for a strategic level Value Management and Value Engineering studies. The aim of Value Management Study is to assess the project requirement in terms of functionally and efficiency of achieving the requirements. Prime consideration needs to be given to the importance of Time, Cost, Quality, Safety and Client’s satisfaction. The specific issues to be evaluated at the VM Study are divided into two categories. 1. Strategic Issues (which will be considered in Value Management) 2. Tactical Issues (which will be considered in Value Engineering) 3.1 Strategic Issues 1. The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Project Drivers 2. Project Type 3. Size and Location 4. Procurement 5. Initial Cost Estimate 6. Esteem 7. Politics 8. Organisational Management 9. Change Management 3.2 Tactical Issues The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Design 2. Structure of the Project Organisation 3. Detail of accessibility and planning procedure 4. Time and Quality: 5. Outline Specification 6. Coordination 2. Value Management Study This is the first process where carefully selected team members from various parties get together to discuss various aims, objectives, constraints and risk associated with the Project in order to formulate Client objective of the need of such project. Value management usually incorporates a series of workshops, interviews and reviews involving diversified teams members through whom the project requirements are evaluated against the means and methods of achieving them. VM process will be dependent on the procurement route selected for the project. VM and VE Studies are very important for successful delivery of any project. Failure to carry out these studies will cause problems at subsequent design and construction stages causing cost overruns, project delays, claims etc. Value Management can help to avoid or minimize these problems. At the outset of a project, Value Management provides an exceptionally powerful way of exploring the client’s needs in-depth by addressing inconsistencies and expressing these in a language that all parties, whether technically informed or new to the construction industry, can understand. The Value Management process works top-down, starting with needs and strategic goals and focusing on root causes, not symptoms. An early consensus is developed between the key stakeholders about the need for the project or service, the scope, deliverables, key functions and risks, in the context of the wider business objectives. Opportunities for innovation are explored and the most cost effective means of implementation developed, consistent with desired time and quality requirements. VM considers the whole project rather than components and the process are underpinned by consensus. A typical Value Management Study has the following characteristics: 1. A systematic, staged approach 2. Clear definition of objectives and scope at the outset – focus on the customer requirements 3. Consideration of the organizational environment – internal and external influences 4. Multi-disciplinary team effort – positive human dynamics 5. Function Analysis System Technique 6. A workshop format with a structured job plan that separates creativity from evaluation and development. 7. Effective use of methods and tools – independent facilitation 2.1 Early Application of Value Management and its benefits The design is still at the very early stage. The Client has not yet committed with any design teams for project design. The client aims to innovate with creativity and to enhance the health, wellbeing and quality of life of its citizens. It is very important to get a feedback of its citizens of the Client intentions for such a project, because the clients’ and the citizens’ aim and objectives are totally different and conflicting ones. You read "Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report" in category "Papers" Therefore it is recommended that Value Management study at such early stage is carried out involving the all parties who have interest on the projects so that later in the projects the problems and risk will be minimized to a greater extent. As such the following benefits can be expected by applying Value Management to this specific project. 1. It defines what both the client and the citizens of the local area mean by value, and provide the basis for making decisions, throughout the project, on the basis of value. It provides a means for optimising the balance between private developer and public sector local authority having different aims and objectives out of the project. 1. It provides the basis for clear briefs that reflect the client’s priorities and expectations, expressed in a language that all can understand. This improves communication between both stakeholders so that each of them can understand and respect other’s constraints and requirements. 1. It ensures that the project is the most cost-effective way of delivering the business benefits and provides a basis for refining the business case. It addresses both the monetary and the non-monetary benefits. 1. It supports good design through improved communications, mutual learning and enhanced team-working, leading to better technical solutions with enhanced performance and quality, where it matters. 1. It provides a way of measuring value, taking into account nonmonetary benefits and demonstrating that value for money has been achieved. Project Objectives: In a construction project objectives shall be clearly defined. In clearly defining the project objectives value management plays a vital role and it is the starting point of value management in a project. Client Function, Activities and Stakeholders: Value management plays crucial role in ascertaining the client functions, requirements, stakeholder needs, briefing, gathering information pertaining to the project. Project Size and Location: In deciding the project size and location both value management and value engineering will be applied as value management will focus on the location, political situation, environment and others will focus, whereas value engineering will focus on the type of foundation to be used is suitable for the soil conditions, floor area index on the area and other design issues. Budget: It is a crucial in a construction project and the main purpose of the value management is to gain the maximum value for the money and for that budget is important and also careful budgeting is crucial for the success of the project, here value management will be applied. Procurement Option: In deciding the contract for the project the best procurement option is to be chosen, it depends on the scope of the project, requirements, budget and other external factors. To choose the best procurement option value management and value engineering both plays a vita role. Design and built option value management plays a vital role, value engineer plays a vital role in other types of procurement options as designs are being verified in this option. Design Change and Variation: happens during the course of the project, value engineering plays a lead role. In the design changes and variations as the changes will have an impact on the original design to be checked? The proposed changes can be accommodated or not also to be checked, also the cost impact, constructability and other design related parameters to be verified. Organization Structure: Many discrepancies arise due to unorganized organization structure, due to that construction and project gets delayed. Value management is employed, during the initial stages itself giving the requirements for organization and key personnel and appropriate accounting provision will be given in the costing. All the above will be applied in value management. Quality Control, Health, Safety and Environmental Issues: are crucial in project success, here both value management and engineering will be applied as quality cannot be compromised and design team will clearly indicate the minimum quality requirements and also HSE issues cannot be compromised it is a combination of both the above. The following graph illustrates the potential cost savings possible against time when VM is applied in a project. It is clear the when VM is applied at the early stage of a project, the saving will be far less to adopt the changes proposed by the Value Management since the design is yet not commenced and hence it is easy to incorporate any kind of design change proposal due to VM process. Fig 1: Cost Impact of Making Changes Over Time 2.2 Development of Value Management within project scenario: UPM suggests the budget should be equally divided among the different elements of the project. Some suggestions provided by UPM are: 1. Sports Centre Proper design management should be applied for the construction of Seating/Scoring or/and Spectator Seating arrangements. 2. Culture recreational centre Public community should be comfortable with different recreational centres. Their satisfaction is the primary goal to be achieved. 3. Hotels Lighting is a large cost item. The impact it has on energy and guest experience influence to a great extent the operation and spacing cost. 4. Shopping malls Primary objective here is to obtain maximum customer satisfaction keeping returns in mind. Quality should be maintained throughout the lifecycle of the project. 5. Parking space The financial cost for parking space depends on three factors: Total number of parking space required, ‘opportunity cost’ of parking land and cost per parking land available. Careful planning and brainstorming helps to obtain maximum value for land. 6. Food court Proper economical and environmental friendly techniques could be arranged for waste disposal. 7. Cinema Multiplex Natural Ventilation could be installed thereby reducing the cost and power consumption. Value Management Team Selection and Value Management Workshop VM is undertaken as a series stakeholder workshops held at key stages during the development of the project. Value Management Team forms an important aspect in decision making process. It is a flexible, team-based activity, planned and directed by an independent VM facilitator and driven by consensus. Team selection for the Value Management workshop is very critical to success to ensure that the full range of influences are properly addressed by people with the right balance of knowledge, skills, experience and judgment. Where particular stakeholders are not able to take part, or it is not politic to involve them, specific team members should be tasked as champions of those stakeholder interests. As such, the team should include the following participants: 1. Project Sponsor The Project Sponsor is responsible for endorsement of the study objectives. They are responsible for monitoring outcomes, action plans, client’s vision, timeframe, values and constraints. 2. Value Management Coordinator Usually, a client representative may designate this post. Before the workshop is developed, a number of activities need to be decided upon: 1. Developing brief for Facilitator 2. Identifying the Scope of Work 3. Engaging the Facilitator 4. Organizing the schedule for the workshop 5. Date and Venue confirmation 6. Arrangement of objectives of study 7. Selection and invitation of participants 8. Preparation of agenda These roles and the corresponding tasks may vary depending on nature of Value Management topic, the organizations involved and the scale to which Value Management activities undertaken by the parties. 3. Value Management Facilitator He initiates their evaluation at the beginning of the pre-workshop process, helping the client towards clearly defining the aim, assumptions and viewpoints of each stakeholder. The facilitator should specialise in assisting the process by providing support and advice to the sponsor. During Pre-workshop stage, the facilitator focus should be more towards process than content. The facilitator manages time, determines appropriate progress, manages the group, promotes collaboration within the group, and seeks agreement or a method of understanding between teammates at key stages. However, the facilitator should maintain client confidentiality and ensure every member contributes equally to the achievement of value. 4. Project Manager The Project Manager should be included within the workshop because he/she acts as a reference and as a team catalyst for continued action. 5. Stakeholders They should be included in the team as they give a clear cut idea about the objectives, needs and constraints. 6. Technical Experts SBEinnovations Ltd. members who have specialist skills in a particular area are to attend the workshop. Their responsibilities include providing advice and suggestions in the specialist area for which they are invited. 7. Relevant compliance agency Value Management briefing papers should be forwarded to relevant compliance agencies so that they can be affirmed that the steps followed are as per ‘Practice Guidance’. Though, it is not compulsory that their presence should be essential at the workshop. Value Management Workshop and Agenda Following are the three components of a VM Workshop: 1. Job Plan 2. Functions and Functionality 3. Multi-Disciplinary Team The VM Job plan of the workshop will have the following 5 phases 1. Information Phase 2. Creativity Phase 3. Evaluation Phase 4. Development Phase 5. Presentation and Reporting Phase All of the above phases will be covered in 3 weeks workshop as described below. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN VM STUDY There are number of tools and techniques which can be used in VM study. However, the following are recommended by UPM. 1. Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) Diagram: It is a graphical representation of logical relationship of functions that need to be performed and how they are linked together into HOW-WHY logical connections to deliver the project. HOW and WHY questions are asked to develop the logic of a function. While defining any function, we ask HOW that particular function can contribute towards developing a more standardized and specific approach. This method of questioning and thinking is referred and summarized from left to right. To solve the problem to a higher level, we ask WHY that particular function is performed. This process of logic is read from right to left. 1. Risk Analysis Risk analysis is a financial tool used to identify risks that can potentially affect the project. The analysis looks at the costs involved, time constraints and other variables that may negatively affect the outcome. As a tool, risk analysis helps managers make decisions and find alternatives. 1. SWOT Analysis SWOT is an acronym that stands for â€Å"strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats,† which is precisely what the SWOT analysis aims to identify. The SWOT helps management see the company’s strengths and weaknesses on paper as well as the potential opportunities and threats looming in the industry. Management can then find ways to maximize the company’s strengths in order to capitalize on opportunities while minimizing potential threats and weaknesses. 6. VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY Value Engineering is a subset of Value Management. Once the Client is decided on the project, then before the detailed design will commence, the Value Engineering study will be carried out. 6.1 Recommended timing for VALUE ENGINEERING study: In order to expect the greatest return from this project, SBEinnovations Ltd. is suggested to include value engineering exercise during the early design stage and before 60% of the design commitment is reached. Value Engineering workshop should be carried out during the schematic design stage and the detailed design stage. If the Value Engineering occurs later it probably will be seen as a cost cutting exercise but it will be undertaken under a hostile climate that will prevent SBEinnovations from achieving the desired requirements and objectives of  £9M. 6.2 Recommended VE Team The number of participants should be a minimum of five and a maximum of ten. Although more members could participate, we recommend that a larger group may cause difficulties in one-to-one communication. Participants should involve: 1. Project Managers from SBEinnovations Ltd.: These Project Managers help to define the procurement routes and contract administration in the most effective way by putting to use their skills earned by experience. 2. Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Structural Engineers: While conducting brainstorm sections, Comments and views from Engineers, Architects and Quantity Surveyors are valid for active participation. 3. Value Engineering Facilitator: The facilitator should be someone apart from the project manager, the chief design engineer, or the client. The VE facilitator will guide the discussion to confirm and approve, but not to criticize the project approaches and details. 6.3 Value Engineering Workshops VE workshops are concerned with the detailed technical appraisal of alternative solutions proposed by the project team to meet the client’s requirements. Duration for VE workshop will be normally longer than that of VM Workshop. One of the following approaches could be used by SBEinnovations Ltd towards achieving a successful Workshop session: 1. Mini Workshops: A value engineer should join the design team at the briefing stage and be promoted as the facilitator throughout the project. Two mini-workshops should be organized following the job plan format and then reviewed at about 20% and 40% design completion. 2. The two-day workshop: All members of the team focus on issues in an intense and focused way. 6.4 Elements of the Scheme for VE study: Design Optimization As long as the bid documents and the process to detail design are open enough to allow for adjustment of the design, then a buildable design will rise. Design ideas for mixed use commercial and recreational centre should be developed during Value Engineering workshops keeping in mind the constructability and purpose for which it serves. This should include health, safety and security of the local community. Procurement Route The suitable Procurement route should be studied identified and applied by SBEinnovations Ltd. taking into consideration the pros and cons of that particular procurement route and its benefits to the client and the employer. Quality, Time and Cost Maximum return can only be achieved through proper quality, time and cost management. Value Engineering study team should be keen to attain maximum Value for Money (VFM) by proper planning and scheduling of works to ensure cost lies within  £ 9M within the stipulated time frame. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study OBS review would be done during the VE workshop which helps to identify roles and responsibilities. Stakeholders Coordination Coordination should be justified during VE studies so as to dissolve any interference between Stakeholders. Part 2 – Risk Management Essay Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects Introduction All large projects face risks. Project risk is an activity, event or action which tends to cause a negative impact on the planned goals of project scope, quality, performance, execution time or cost. Inevitably, risks and uncertainties are substantially inherent in infrastructure projects. Problematically, many infrastructure projects could not have achieved project goals satisfactorily. Therefore, it is very important for the identification and treatment of these project risks. Project risks always contribute to the poor performance leading to cost and time over run. Their major reason is the occurrence of external and internal project risks and uncertainties throughout project stages from planning, bidding, contracting to construction. This essay intends to provide a useful insight into the inherent risk into infrastructure projects, and will discuss about the management of these risks. The essay will also enable the reader to understand and application of the key concepts and techniques used in management of risk in infrastructure projects. For the purpose of this essay, Railway Projects in the MENA region is considered. History has shown that railways have always been central to any country’s growth ambitions. Thus it comes as no surprise that the GCC countries have embraced railway networks as their best hope for expanding and consolidating future economic growth. By providing a low cost alternative to shipping and air, the GCC member states allow for increased trade and thus further economic prosperity. As a result of this increased focus, it’s no surprise to find that railway networks account for nine of the ten biggest infrastructure projects in the Middle East. With ambitious plans to produce a GCC wide network within the next decade, the countries are working to develop their own interior networks in preparation. The following Table shows a list of top 10 infrastructure projects (ongoing and planned) in the MENA area. How to cite Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report, Papers

In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D... free essay sample

In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger shows his main character, Holden Caulfields internal decline by expressing it through his language and detail in order to exemplify it. He uses certain phrasing and characteristics to help readers understand the physical deterioration that leads to his struggles throughout the novel. Along with this, Salinger uses certain language, actions, and behaviors to demonstrate it as well. Due to this, his audience is able to better comprehend what Holden goes through internally and how that is portrayed in the novel. As the novel begins, Holden discusses how he is currently in the process of being expelled from Pencey Prep. In the first chapter, Holden thinks back to a memory in which he is playing a game of football with friends and he says that, I ran all the way to the main gate, and then I waited a second till I got my breath. I have no wind†¦ Im quite a heavy smoker, for one thing – that is, I used to be (Salinger 5). He goes on to mention that he didnt know why he was running and that he felt as if he was disappearing. Seeing as Holden starts off his story by describing to the readers that he feels that he is disappearing, ultimately leads to the thought as to why Holden would feel this way. He also adds that he suffered from Tuberculosis because of his excessive amount of smoking, the fact that Holden was diagnosed with Tuberculosis at such a young age could later be related to his fixation on death and the passing of his brother Allie. As the book progresses into its first few chapters, Holdens physical issues become more prominent and obvious. In the seventh chapter, it is evident that Holden cannot sleep, which is a repeated occurrence in the book, and he goes to Ackleys room. The further into the book that one gets and the more Holden talks about his lack of sleep, it aides in the realization that a lot of his recurrent thoughts or dreams that he has are due to his severe lack of sleep. This scene with Ackley is not exempt from this. The more that Holden recognizes his own loneliness lead him to have an unhealthy and depressed state of mind for one part of the chapter in which he says, I felt so lonesome, all of a sudden. I almost wished I was dead (48). This quote goes to show the knowledge that Holden had on his own emotions at this time, yet the root of his internal thoughts were from the fact that he hadnt been able to sleep that night or some nights to come.Throughout the novel, Holden continuously mentions and asks people he comes across if they know where the ducks in Central Park go to in the winter as their pond is frozen over. To Holden, this question is perfectly rational as he just wants to know what happens to them and why people arent caring to find out. In the fourteenth chapter of The Catcher in the Rye, Holden is recovering from his traumatic experience with Maurice and Sunny which resulted in him getting painfully beat up by Maurice. Holdens physical state of being regresses considerably when he states, What I really felt like though, was committing suicide. I felt like jumping out the window (104). Not only does this show that Holden has repetitive thoughts of his own suicide, but it also can link back to the first chapter in which he talked about how he felt like he was disappearing. As well as this, in a rather symbolic way, this idea can also tie back in with needing the answer to his insistent question on the whereabouts of the ducks in Central Park. It also relates to Holdens deterioration because he, in a way, sees himself as these ducks and he only wants to be able to know who could give him potential help, what might happen to him after this part of his life has finished, or where he will go from here. Holden never gets the answer that he really wants and constantly asks himself and others about it because he wants to know what will happen to them and to him. Towards the end of the novel, readers can see Holden from a completely different viewpoint. Holden becomes so severely broken down and he demonstrates this through his actions and language. His physical state dete riorates again in the twenty-fifth chapter in which Holden visits the museum that was previously mentioned in the book however at the time he had not entered it. He falls apart when the scene describes what happens to him by Holden saying, I sort of passed out. I was lucky thought. I mean I couldve killed myself when I hit the floor (204). This as well brings forth the overall idea of him deteriorating throughout the novel by showing that he is quite literally weakening in his physical being, however the fact that he passed out and again has his recurrent suicidal thoughts tells us as readers that due to his lousy sleep patterns, he is now dealing with blackout that gave him no previous sign of occurring. This can tell one that he is now both physically and emotionally sick, continuously exhausted, and possibly even malnourished. To add on, in the last two chapters, Holden goes through an abundance of emotions so far to the point in which it alludes to the fact that he has a nervous breakdown and ultimately ends up in a psychiatric ward. Holden is watching Phoebe on the carousel after yelling at her and even contemplating whether or not to h it her, it is almost as if he comes to the realization that all of the work he has put in, all the trauma and suicidal thoughts had finally lifted and he essentially breaks down from sheer happiness, however for the majority of the book it is largely noticeable that his patterns of behaviors and what he goes through are sure signs of Holden dealing with very intense depression. In summation, Holden Caulfield is not only an immensely complex character but as well as someone who struggles greatly with his internal decline and physical deterioration. Salinger uses specific details and actions to allude to what Holden is facing throughout his story. While he also leaves several scenes up to each individuals own interpretation, he effortlessly goes into great detail to make it known to his audience what Holden is struggling with and how to better comprehend those issues.

Harlem Renaissance the Hip Hop Movement free essay sample

The Harlem Renaissance and the Hip-Hop Movement are a culmination of co- related cultural art forms that have emerged out of the black experience. White people understood black people more through their expression of art during both movements. Both movements brought about a broad cross-racial following and, ironically, in both instances brought about a better understanding of the black experience for white America. The bridge between Be-Bop and Hip-Hop was made by Quince Jones with the Back on the Block project; which featured such artists as Dizzied Gillespie, Miles Davis, Sarah Vaughn, Ella Fitzgerald, Divine Campbell, Ice Tea, Big Daddy Kane, AH B Sure, Barry White and many others. The artistic elements of both movements include literature, art, music, dance, musical theatre, film etc. Both movements were born out of a desire to find the best possible way of expressing their humanity.[l] The Harlem Renaissance The sasss usually stir up images of speakeasies and flappers, but for one group of Americans the decade became a time of rebirth known as the Harlem Renaissance. We will write a custom essay sample on Harlem Renaissance the Hip Hop Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Harlem Renaissance or Negro Renaissance is the term applied to the movement f Black Americans from the South to the North during the asses and asses. The Harlem Renaissance, which is also known as the Black Literary Renaissance and The New Negro Movement, began In the neighborhood of Harlem In New York City In which the spirituality and potential of the African-American community was articulated through deferent forms of artistic expression. The Harlem Renaissance was one generation removed from the Civil War. This time period coincided with black migration to the northern cities to look for employment opportunities that became available after World War I because these types of opportunities were not as deadly available to blacks In the South. In the Southern states there was a lack of freedom of expression for African Americans because it was generally demoralized by the Caucasian citizens of the South, with their repressive attitudes and mandates of the old Southern order (black art and other forms of creative expression In black culture was simply censored or manifested itself in an underground forum).The migration to the North, more specifically Harlem, led to African Americans finding an outlet for group expression and self determination as a means of achieving equality and civil rights. This era impacted literature (poetry and prose), music (jazz played in the notorious Cotton Club and elsewhere), visual arts (painting), and acting in musicals. In social clubs Like the Cotton Club. African Americans entertained on stage and waited the customers, while they catered only to white patrons. These white patrons would often travel to Harlem for the exotic entertainment. [2] Until the asss. Harlem was home mostly to Irish Immigrants. When they moved to the upper tip of Manhattan in the Indoor Section, however, the plentiful housing was made available cheaply, and became a magnet for the migrating blacks. Though racism metropolis for blacks. The scales of the economy were unbalanced based on race, so black people had to be creative. Although the Harlem Renaissance demonstrated the creation of a national black culture, during the Harlem Renaissance, African- Americans did not control their economic circumstances.As a result of their lack of control over rent policies, small businesses, banking, and mortgage loans, Harlem became a ghetto. [2] [3] To deal with the poverty that was very real, even before the Depression, Harlem neighbors would often host house rent parties in their railroad flats. Perhaps, considered the most innovative form of black entertainment and an institution created in response to the sorry reality that Harems inflated rents ($12 to $30 a month) were higher than in other areas of Manhattan.Salaries paid to African Americans were lower than those of their white counterparts, the average Harlem resident spent 40 percent of his or her income on rent and if it wasnt paid by Sunday, the landlord put the furniture out on the street on Monday. Rent parties allowed for the residents of Harlem and other poor ghettos to pay their rent on time and avoid eviction. The rent party also represented the way that African-Americans overcame the oppressive surroundings of the ghetto. For example, in Rent Party Jazz, written by William Miller, a Jazz musician gives a rent party in order to raise money for a certain family in need. In this way, rent parties not only assisted people in paying the rent, but it also helped the growth and development of Jazz as a music genre. Through Jazz music and the celebratory nature of the parties, a community was built. [3] [4] The Harlem Renaissance arguably lasted about 15 years and is said to have ended with the onset of the Great Depression. The European American infatuation with the Negro declined in the asses, in large part due to the collapse of the stock market. Also, the depression exposed the economic vulnerability of Harlem, given that much of the real estate in Harlem was owned by European Americans; and when the depression hit, African Americans lost their Jobs at faster rates than European Americans, caused foreclosures on mortgages, evictions from rental properties, and a depression and alienation from the American Dream that was expressed violently in the first modem race riot, the Harlem Riot of 1935. For mom, that riot symbolized that the optimism and hopefulness that had fueled the Harlem Renaissance was dead.The end of the Harlem Renaissance was a personal event occurring when he or she consciously disassociated from the movement. [4] The Hip-Hop Movement The Hip Hop Movement was born out of poverty in New York (more specifically the boroughs of NYC), racism in America, a need for a voice in the Civil Rights Movement, presence of the Black Panther Movement, declined importance of the Church, heroin/ crack epidemic, growing gang influence, loss of fathers in the home, loss of Jobs, loss f community support and an extreme feeling of hopelessness. Music is the most powerful means of human expression.It personifies love, anger, disapproval, happiness and life-experience; music speaks to us because it comes from us. Music allows us to express our feelings about life and it allows us to convey political messages. Each person, in each phase of the human experience in history has instinctively and systematically changed the music of the past to represent the realities of the present. In this century, black music, more specifically Hip Hop/Soul ND passion in such a way that the world had no other choice but to feel its power and be in awe of its brilliance.When one discusses the relationship between Hip- Hop music and the Harlem Renaissance we begin to see some similarities and some differences. [5] What do people think of when they hear the word hip-hop What do you think Usually people will think of a style of music, generally rap. Hip-hop, however, is more than Just music; it is a way of life, a culture. Hip hop as a cultural movement has gone through an independent sequence of movements or changes hat manifested itself in B-boning known as break dancing, free-styling, scratching, beat boxing, graffiti writing, Decaying and Emceeing.DC Cool Here is credited with originating Hip Hop in Bronx, New York. It started as an artistic commitment used to free the participant from oppressive social conditions in the African American, Afro- Caribbean and Latino American communities of New York City in the late asses (with the South Bronx being the epicenter meaning the very center of Hip-hop or the focal It was DC Africa Bumboat who outlined what he called the five liars of hip-hop culture Emceeing, Decaying, breakfasting, graffiti writing and knowledge.In 2003, the Oxford English dictionary added pat, Jaggy, dope, and breakable to the online updates of its dictionary. Slang terms like blind and baby mama are now so conversational that you can hear them spoken on the news. Clothing trends like tracksuits and hoodoos are no longer limited to rappers gear, but are worn by everyone. Other elements include beat boxing, hip hop fashion, and slang. Since first emerging in the Bronx, the lifestyle of hip hop culture has spread around the world. ] When hip hop music began to emerge, it was based around disc Jockeys that created rhythmic beats by looping breaks (small portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on two turntables, which is now more commonly referred to as sampling. This was later accompanied by rapping (a rhythmic style of chanting or poetry more formally in 16 bar measures or time frames) and beat boxing, a vocal technique mainly used to imitate percussive elements of the music and other tricks of the trade.An original form of dancing and particular styles of dress arose among followers of this genre of music. These elements experienced considerable refinement and development over the course of the history of the culture. Some rappers today use violence and other offensive subjects in the lyrics of their rap music. Gangster Rap is a form of rap expression that became popular during the late asss to mid asss with the insurgence of groups like NNW (Naggers with Attitude) from the west coast. Gangster rap would express hate towards police and women and glorified drugs and murder. This was the ultimate reason for the deaths of two of the greatest rappers of the hip-hop era, Tuba Shaker and Christopher Wallace known as The Notorious B.I. G. Since the deaths Gangster Rap has died down a bit but can still be heard on radio and seen video to date. However, recently there has been a lot more peaceful rap songs emerging because of very real subjects such as wars, poverty and terrorism subjects that everyone can relate to in times like these. [5] Hip-hop has changed dramatically since it originated in the early asss.It has changed from a way to express ones feelings into a business that has everything to do with making lots of money. Most of the lyrics in todays hip-hop music reflect lines about drugs, violence, and fashion, movies, literature (poetry), music, visual arts (painting), and acting. [9] Hip- hip is a multi-million dollar industry that changed the face of fashion. Russell Simmons is one of the most important businessman in the history of rap music. As co-founder of the Deaf Jam label, Simmons street-friendly demeanor and marketing as. Y helped bring hip-hop into the mainstream of American culture and mass media. Hes often been compared to Mouton trailblazer, Berry Gourd, but theres one age difference: Berry Gourd looked for ways to make the music that he was producing (RB) cross-over so that it would be considered respectable by pop audiences and mass media, Simmons ensured that his artists remained as uncompromising and as rebellious as possible. That attitude made hip-hop music of choice for a generation of teenagers simply by staying true to its roots. In fact it is a multi-cultural phenomenon that succeeded on its own terms, thereby, crossing over without making the effort to do so. Russell Simmons went from producing rap music to putting poetry and comedy on television and in theatres. 10] In 1999, Simmons sold the remainder of his 40 percent share of Deaf Jam to Universal Music Group for a reported 100 million dollars, staying on as a nominal chairman. He remains one of the most respected figures in the rap business, and continues to take an active interest in shaping the cultures future direction. 10] One of the many positive side effects of the hip hop culture is that it encourages corporations to recruit a diverse group of individuals. Recruiting minorities who have the pulse of this culture becomes an imperative because the African American market alone has $325 billion in buying power. A multitude of organizations that appeal to the hip hop culture have diversified for competitive advantage, it makes good business sense. For example, half of Universal Music Groups employees are minority.This organization is number one in market share in the U. S. , Europe, Latin American and Australia. The record labels overall market share is 23 percent globally and 25 percent in the U. S. [1 1] There are various Crossover examples during the Harlem Renaissance and the Hip Hop Movement. During the Harlem Renaissance there was a marked increase of writers, Caucasians, and visual artists in New York City; this sparked interest in black culture, especially among upper-middle class white New Yorkers, who came uptown to experience black life. This led to significant relationships between black artists and whites like Carl Van Bechtel who sought to promote the artistic work of blacks. It also sustained nightclubs like the Cotton Club, which had flowerpots that often portrayed blacks as primitive. Black people were forced to portray themselves a certain way in order to be deemed employable. Often times blacks of a very fair complexion loud pass for white in an effort to assimilate amongst the white population, gaining access to clubs like the Cotton Club as a patron.

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry Quotes

'Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry' Quotes Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, is an award-winning American novel written by Mildred D. Taylor about a black family living in Mississippi during the Depression-era. The story is narrated by 9-year-old Cassie Logan, who tells the story about her family, their land, and the struggle for survival in the face of racism. In 1977, the novel won the Newbery Medal, an award for exceptional literature for American children. Roll of Thunder, Hear My  Cry, received critical acclaim, and the social commentary it raises remains an enduring topic in American society. Here are some quotes that exemplify the novels themes of racism and culture during the 1930s: Chapter 1 Look out there, Cassie girl. All that belongs to you. You aint never had to live on nobodys place but your own and long as I live and the family survives, youll never have to. Chapter 2 Papa always meant what he said- and he swung a mean switch. Chapter 3 Its them again.  Theys  ridin tonight. Chapter 4 Friends gotta trust each other, Stacey, cause aint nothin like a true friend. The Wallaces did that, children. They poured kerosene over Mr. Berry and his nephews and lit them afire. Chapter 5 Well, you just get your little black self back over there and wait some more. No day in all my life had ever been as cruel as this one. Chapter 6 Big Ma didnt want you hurt. That was the only thing on her mind. Chapter 7 Seems to me if Staceys not smart enough to hold onto a good coat, he  dont  deserve it. These are things they need to hear, baby. Its their history. We aint never gonna lose this land. We Logans dont have much to do with white folks. You know why? Cause white folks mean trouble. Im a Southerner, born and bred, but that doesnt mean I approve of all that goes on here, and there are a lot of other white people who feel the same. Chapter 8 I expect youd best just forget about teaching altogether. Got me better friends than yall! They give me things and treat me like Im a man. Chapter 10 Hes got a need to show us where we stand in the scheme of things. Hes got a powerful need to do that. Chapter 11 Yall decide to hold court out here tonight? Chapter 12 Theres smoke coming from my forest yonder! What happened to T.J. in the night I did not understand, but I knew that it would not pass. And I cried for  those things  which had happened in the night and would not pass.

Question and Answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Question and Answer - Essay Example d by the pictures in the book and they can be able to predict the next writings and the next picture thus making use of their memory and the beginning knowledge. Children try to build their vocabulary on the basis of what they have heard and they can easily remember. Children try to complete what they hear or see to get satisfaction or disruption if not well predicted. The playfulness and the general activities done by the child depend on the content the child has been fed with. Rhythm from a musical language that is used in a picture book once it has got into the child, it travels through the kid’s legs and arms making the child make movements that go in line with the rhythm of the book. The young learners tend read very loud the few sentences that accompany the pictures in the picture book. This is necessitated by the fact that the language used in the sentences has capturing rhythms and stresses in their structures in addition to the captivating pictures. Children concentrate most to pages in the picture books that contain pictures and the few words that are expressive enough. Pages that that are not expressive enough, make children to lack concentration and subsequent distracted eyes, whispering to each other and even restless legs that can end up disturbing even the few who are concentrating Musicality is a key component in a picture book because musical attributes like imagery and rhythm are used to enhance musicality in a picture book thus appealing to the child.†Whistling wind, rolling thunder, screeching cats, creaking floorboards, turning doorknobs-sounds from afar and sounds getting closer; the stuff of spooky stories, ghosts and haunted houses in the night† (Cheng 2012 pg. 1-2). The use of –ing at the end of the words brings the regular rhyme scheme that is best suited for musicality. This musicality is what that makes the picture book enjoyable to children. Both music and picture books are used for the development of the child especially

Discuss the impactof law on business enviroment (add two real eamples Assignment

Discuss the impactof law on business enviroment (add two real eamples at least) - Assignment Example The financial crisis that began in 2007 crippled many businesses and affected nearly the entire world. While financial crisis in the economy is inherent to a great extent, the current financial crisis began as a result of the state being unable to manage the risks associated with the wish to produce better yields. As the entire financial institution began to collapse with the bankruptcy of the Lehman Brothers, the government failed to take any preventive steps to control the situation. The steps that were taken were more reactive in nature and thus failed to be truly effective. According to an estimate by IMF, the total global financial loss suffered by the recent crisis amounts to 2.2 trillion US dollars1. In this paper, we attempt to understand how different countries over the world reacted to the financial crisis by implementing their own state regulations. These countries include USA, UK, Russia, Japan and China. The paper would work on a critical analysis of the regulation impos ed and whether they brought about the desired impact. Reasons behind the Global Financial Crisis The Global Financial Crisis, that impacted the entire world, originated from the United States. The financial system within US backfired as a result of lack of risk management practices. The main contributor of the financial crisis was the subprime mortgage loans that were made available to the public without proper control and management. Mortgage companies were forced to relax their policies in order to increase their own shares in the market by increasing loans to the buyers. Also the Clinton government pushed for providing more loans to low and medium income families. As mortgage companies increased loans to buyers, they failed to ensure that the loans were given to deserving parties who would repay the loans on time. As mortgage companies failed to collect their loans, the number of bad debts increased to alarming numbers2. The capital that flew from the mortgage companies was provi ded by investors who gained confidence in the companies as a result of the rating provided by the credit rating agencies. These credit rating agencies took to taking money from mortgage and other financial institutions to provide a better picture of the organization. Also the credit rating agencies provided advice to such clients on ways to improve their rating by structuring securities to suit their own position3. It was this manipulation of the financial standards that subsequently led to the fall of the financial institutes within US. As US banks began to suffer losses and filed to bankruptcy, it impacted the rest of the world since US is the main guarantor of the financial world globally. Impact of Global Financial Crisis The global financial crisis though began from United States impacted the whole world. The most disastrous impact of the crisis was perhaps on the financial sector. Banks all over the world filed for bankruptcy including some of the biggest financial institution s such as the Lehman Brothers. Even though the IMF, World Bank and stable governments came up to help their own local banks and also banks in the emerging economies, but still capital was reduced to a great extent. This impacted the flow of capital in existing and new businesses around the world. Also as banks around the world were either closing down or merging into bigger institutions, the confidence of the consumers in the financial market was negatively affected. As banks and other financi

How is the cultural diversity of Manchester reflected in the city Essay

How is the cultural diversity of Manchester reflected in the city today - Essay Example After the second World War the migrant communities arrived in great numbers to help rebuild the industries. The immigrants were mainly from the Commonwealth including India, Pakistan, Jamaica and West Indies, and also from Ireland and China. Manchester has a unique sense of national and cultural diversity. According to Taylor et al (1996) the city’s strategic location between a geographic frontier to the north, and an economic frontier to the south, and its distinctive regional openness enabled it to become a kind of Eldorado. From the early nineteenth century, not only English labourers from neighbouring areas, but people from other countries such as Ireland, Scotland, Germany, from Greece and Italy migrated towards Manchester. Significantly, specific localities became colonized by particular migrant groups. Most of the 30,000 Irish immigrants clustered together in Little Ireland at the lower end of Oxford Street, and large numbers of poor, rural immigrants from Cumbria settled in different areas. In contemporary Manchester, it is evident that ostensibly similar, geographically close regions are occupied by diverse ethnic groups of different ethnic mixes. A common feature for all the ethnic minorities is their shared experience of generalized subordination under the white â€Å"host society† of England (Taylor et al, 1996). Thus, Manchester has been colonized in whole areas by particular ethnic or migrant groups: Moss Side by West Indian; Cheetham Hill by Asians; Prestwich by the Jewish; Chorlton by the Irish, etc (Taylor et al, 1996). Further, the borough of Manchester, the central city in the agglomeration forming Greater Manchester, is the main location of residence for the Black ethnic minority group (Musterd et al, 1998). Taylor et al (1996, p.200) express their concern that â€Å"this process of residential dispersal and domination results in a kind of de facto apartheid of different ethnic groups†, which opposes the liberal concept of a multicultural