Ethics - Diversity & Equity for Accountability - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theEthics, Diversity Equity in Hospitalityfor Accountability. Answer: One of the serious businesses to work in is the cordiality business in light of the fact that numerous organizations have discovered a specialty in the business making it serious. So as to beat the opposition in the business an organization must have great accommodation administration that will gadget techniques that will assist it with controling rivalry and great administration. There are various variables that will be inspected so as to handle rivalry, bring great initiative and have a decent notoriety. The three components to be analyzed include assorted variety in the work environment, value and morals in cordiality which ought to be drilled by the pioneers. At the point when these components are applied well then the business will contend reasonably among one another. In the accommodation business, there are various firms close to one another and it is simple for disappointed clients to move to an alternate neighborliness lodging or firm. One of the elements that should be analyzed is hard working attitudes. The pioneers in the organization need to analyze hard working attitudes for it to exceed expectations in the business. The mainstays of morals that should be followed includes the accompanying; genuineness, uprightness, reliability, initiative and responsibility. As indicated by research done by Gu,(2012) , it was discovered that numerous lodgings in the neighborliness business have their own rules and rules that help them to guarantee that hard working attitudes is clung to. As per the investigation, genuineness, dependability and responsibility are the most depended columns in administration by the administration of most cordiality firms .It is significant for the pioneers to have great initiative through great accommodation morals since mos t associations are degenerate because of eagerness and furthermore it is essential to have guidelines to contend reasonably in the business a nd increa se efficiency since great authority prompts great performance(Kapiki,2012). Notwithstanding hard working attitudes, another key factor that should be rehearsed is assorted variety in the business. The travel industry and cordiality presents a method of looking at new social practices from the workers and furthermore from the voyagers. It is extremely fundamental to see new social encounters and welcome them. At the point when the workers interface with the travelers they can cooperate with various societies, races, sexes, hues, religions and sexual direction. It is significant for the administration of the enterprises to attempt to prepare the representatives to acknowledge assorted variety in the work place by valuing them so as to have an upper hand. This work environment decent variety will help comprehend the various societies, social and monetary perspective and furthermore facilitate the conveyance of administrations which are acceptable through better correspondence and assessment of the workforce and travelers. It is additionally essential to utilize individuals from various pieces of the nation or nationality so as to create working environment assorted variety to improve positive picture and subsequently profitability. The association structure of the association ought to oblige individuals from varying backgrounds. This will forestall segregation dependent on race, nationality and sex. Another factor that should be inspected is the act of correspondence in work place. Each representative is qualified for equivalent treatment in all circles. The representatives from various races, nationality and sexual orientation ought to have equivalent rights. As per an examination done by Yeh, (2012), the ladies are not given numerous open doors in the cordiality business which is overwhelmed by the male as it were. As indicated by the examination it was discovered that couple of ladies are utilized in various associations and don't have an influential position. Great initiative ought to be polished to guarantee that there is correspondence in the workplace. It this is practiced then the ladies have abilities that will enable the organization to develop and expand efficiency. There is requirement for the organizations to rehearse correspondence in utilizing the representatives and furthermore installment of the workers. All in all, the three elements are significant for the association to contend and improve the picture of the association. In the primary examination it was presumed that rules and rules set by pioneers identifying with morals improves the presentation of the association and how the representatives relate with one another. The subsequent examination inferred that greater correspondence ought to be polished in associations by guaranteeing the influential positions are given to ladies. Genuine administration in associations should focus on the three variables for more prominent success. The executives initiative is exceptionally fundamental for the accommodation business. At the point when these elements are clung to, they will prompt expanded efficiency (Ahmed, 2012). References Ahmed, S. (2012).On being incorporated: Racism and assorted variety in institutional life. Duke University Press. Gu, H., Ryan, C., Yu, L. (2012). The changing structure of the Chinese lodging industry: 19802012.Tourism Management Perspectives,4, 56-63. Kapiki, S. T. (2012). Current and future patterns in the travel industry and cordiality: the instance of Greece. Yeh, R. (2012). Lodging head supervisors impression of business morals instruction: Implications for accommodation instructors, experts, and students.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,11(1), 72-86.

A Speculative View of American History to 1876 :: Essays Papers

A Speculative View of American History to 1876 The individuals who don't contemplate history are bound to rehash it. Human instinct is one of interest; we are not content with the shallow faã §ade of our reality. Or maybe, we need understanding. We have to know not just ability we have come to be who we are as a people, yet more critically why we are, and where, as a general public, we are bound to end. The solution to our steady inquiry of presence lies from quite a while ago. We should look past the unimportant truthful record of occasions which involves our history, and adopt on a progressively theoretical strategy, and dissect the way of thinking of history: for our situation, American history. The world has seen a wide range of chronicled methods of reasoning all through time. Two differentiating boundaries of chronicled reasoning were those of antiquated Greece and Rome, who bought in to the Stoic recurrent perspective on history, and Immanuel Kant’s thought of Progress. Karl Marx, in the eighteenth century, set up his communist thoughts in a volume he co-wrote, The Communist Manifesto. The chronicled way of thinking, be that as it may, which best clarifies the primary portion of American history, from its introduction to the world in Europe, to the common war, is that of Augustine. Augustine’s hypothesis of history can be identified in his significant work, The City of God, where he clarifies his idea of the City of Man versus the City of God: â€Å"Accordingly, two urban communities have been framed by two loves; the hearty love of oneself, even to the hatred of God; the magnificent by the affection for God, even to the scorn of self. The previous, in a word, wonders in itself, the last in the Lord.†1 As Ronald Nash expounds: Augustine clarifies that the two urban areas will exist together through mankind's history, even inside the limits of maintaining Christendom. Just at the last judgment, which finishes mankind's history, will the two urban communities at long last be isolated, all together that they may share their selected fates of paradise and damnation. What represents people’s situation in either city is the object of their adoration. Individuals have a place with the City of God by righteousness of their affection for God; the remainder of mankind has a place with the City of Man on account of their â€Å"love of self, even to the hatred of God.†2 This great work3 initially started as a reaction to the allegation of Rome’s Christian transformation eventually adding to its sack by Alaric and his Goths.

Group Behavior

Gathering Behavior In our general public today, there is a very a great deal of classifying of individuals going on. Gathering conduct is one of the bigger classes. Numerous individuals, particularly youngsters, are kept separate from numerous things. The individuals who have companions and partake in exercises feel like they can't act naturally. At that point you have those individuals who cause every other person to feel severely about what their identity is. Everybody needs to quit being so critical of others and acknowledge individuals for what their identity is. We as a whole recall the children at school who were constantly picked on the play area. Perhaps a couple of us were one of those children. This kind of thing doesn’t simply occur between youngsters. Mentors and Teachers do those things constantly. Two individuals may have similar abilities, however the person who has the family with cash to help the school or with the striking last name will be given the position. It is no difficult to perceive any reason why numerous individuals have confidence issues. Numerous individuals with companions despite everything think that its difficult to act naturally. They dread that they won't be acknowledged or that they will be looked downward on. Numerous individuals feel that to becomes friends with two individuals must be precisely the same. This is just false. As a rule, two individuals with indistinguishable characters will no doubt conflict. Individuals need to understand that being diverse is certifiably not a terrible thing. Throughout everyday life, there are menaces wherever that we go, extending from school to the working environment and wherever in the middle. These kinds of individuals attempt to cause themselves to feel better by putting others down. Maybe they don’t acknowledge what this never really individuals, or perhaps they just don’t care. Generally these kinds of individuals have confidence or mental self portrait gives that they have to deal with themselves. Be that as it may, there are unique and better approaches to manage their own issues. No individual has the privilege to deprecate someone else in any capacity. To finish up, everybody should consider the way that they treat others. They can't change the things that they have done or said before. Everything that could possibly be done is to change the way that we demonstration now and later on. There truly is no purpose behind the youngsters in our general public to be growing up with the confidence gives that they have. Numerous individuals are being determined to have wretchedness, brought about by the way that they have been treated by others. Setting individuals into bunches isn't right and something should be done to change this. Everybody merits a reasonable possibility throughout everyday life, so don't be one of these sorts of individuals that classify others. What's more, in the event that you are being set into agroup, persevere and go to bat for yourself since chances are, nobody else will.

Diabetes mellitus type II care and management Term Paper

Diabetes mellitus type II care and the board - Term Paper Example Every one of these subtleties are given beneath, understanding which, will give a more clear knowledge about the infection to the patients in this way expanding their mindfulness about it and furthermore how to adequately deal with this genuine infirmity. Dissimilar to the individuals who experience the ill effects of type 1 diabetes, who doesn't at produce insulin, individuals with type 2 produce insulin yet probably won't make sufficient insulin or the body can't utilize it all around ok to oversee glucose levels (called as insulin opposition). At the point when the pancreas doesn't deliver the necessary degrees of insulin to deal with the glucose, the resultant increment can enter your body cells prompting host of issues. Most definitely, insulin won't have the option to assume its job appropriately in light of the fact that the body’s cells stay unaffected by it (â€Å"The significance of checking blood-glucose levels,† n. d). Diabetes Type 2 and the resultant high glucose can cause arrangement of illnesses including coronary illness, kidney disappointment, stroke, diabetic retinopathy influencing eyes, poor blood stream to the legs prompting removals in specific cases, others. This presents a grave situation for the patients. Simultaneously, in spite of the fact that, there is no lasting remedy for this sort 2 diabetes, it very well may be overseen by eating appropriately, working out, and through drugs or insulin treatment. A few patients experiencing type 2 diabetes will be capable accomplish their objective glucose levels through adept eating regimen the board and powerful exercise alone, be that as it may, larger part of the victims will require oral diabetes drugs or infusion based insulin treatment. The best reasonable medicine would contrast from patient to quiet since it relies upon the individuals’ glucose level, their reaction to the underlying treatment, other medical issues, etc, with specialists in any event, recommending a blend of medications from various classes. Toward that path, specialists are recommending a mix of metformin and glyburide to assist body with adapting up to high

Homeostasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homeostasis - Essay Example The term homeostasis was first utilized by Walter Cannon in 1932 to outline the â€Å"maintenance of body’s dynamic constancy†. Homeostasis is a key idea in human physiology which speaks to the administrative procedures of the body for its ideal working intervened by a few biochemical and physiological pathways. As indicated by Gilbert, on a cell level it is a training through which a moderately consistent electrical, substance, osmotic and inward condition is kept up against a foundation of broad scope of metabolic interest, admission and misfortune. Support of homeostasis is fundamental for the body as observed during exercise. The raised heart and respiratory rates in light of expanded CO2 and blood corrosiveness must be rearranged later to satisfy the need of lower metabolic rate. On the off chance that this administration isn't done the body conditions lead to malady and at last demise. Homeostasis is kept up by upgrade ID at tissue level with the assistance of sen sors present in skin and tactile organs. These signs are then sent to fringe tactile nerves and later to spinal rope and mind where relying upon the sort of improvement a chain of physiological response is decided to keep up homeostasis in the body which may include endure instrument, solidness in autonomic capacities and immunological reactions (Lawton, 2003). These reactions are done by effectors, for example, muscles and organs. At times the reactions to a boost are especially evoked by either apprehensive or endocrine framework notwithstanding, now and again it is a blend of both (Farabee, 2006). The procedure through which a steady inside condition (homeostasis) is kept up is known as homeostatic system. Homeostatic control in the body is accomplished through input framework which might be negative criticism circle or positive criticism circles. Negative criticism circles (utilized by the majority of the body’s frameworks) kills the reaction to a specific upgrade in this manner keeping up the vast majority of homeostatic exercises while positive input circle heightens the impact of the specific reaction (Farabee, 2006). Positive input escalates the impacts of progress and in this way doesn't assume a crucial job in looking after homeostasis. Improvement? Sensor?Integrator? Effector Negative criticism circle Systems engaged with homeostasis: In a solid body homeostatic support is finished by collective endeavors of focal frameworks of the body, for example, anxious, endocrine, circulatory, stomach related and lymphatic. The adjusting reactions of these frameworks to a boost will in general keep up an appropriate homeostasis in body (Lawton, 2003). Major homeostatic controllers of the body are anxious and endocrine frameworks which comprise outward control framework. In any case, nearby or natural control framework for the most part includes an organ or a tissue for example expansion of veins in response to more elevated levels of carbon dioxide and lower oxygen levels (Farabee, 2006).â

Personal Leadership Philosophy Paper Example

Personal Philosophy of Leadership Discuss Your Definition of Leadership and What Has Influenced This Definition There are many definitions of leadership based on character traits of legendary leaders, situational leaders or impact leaders have on their followers. It is hard to find a definition that caters for all situations because leadership differs in many ways such as styles, impact, source of power and ability.

Opioid Crisis In Veterans - Free Essay Example

The opioid crisis has become one of the most overwhelming and relevant issue of our time. It is estimated that 13.5 million people take opioids globally (WHO, 2017). Nationally, ninety one American deaths per day, for the last fifteen years, are due to opioids (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2017). In our state of South Carolina, in 2016, five hundred and fifty people died as a result of opioid overdoses. (SCDHEC, 2017). The statistics of the opioid addiction are alarming and the rates are increasing due to opioid medications being over prescribed by pharmaceutical professionals. Behavioral and environmental risk factors also are playing a role in addiction taking over, which can include family, friends, school, living situation, the abuse of other drugs, and chronic pain. Although this issue affects many age groups, and races, we have decided to focus on the target population of the military and veterans. When veterans return back home after serving our country they suffer from mental and physical chronic pain. Most veterans battle chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and seek medical help from professionals who prescribe opioid drugs. According to Barbara Goldberg, fifteen percent of U.S. military rely on opioids following deployment, compared to four percent of the general population (Goldberg, 2017). Through our research we hope to provide a better understand of why veterans are a target population of the opioid epidemic, what the risk factors are contributing to their high statistics, and how we can begin to use best practices to overcome the problem at stake. Therefore our research question stands: Why is the opioid crisis so severe in veterans of the armed forces and how can we begin to start them on t he road to recovery? The opioid crisis has become a more prevalent issue just recently in the last 20 years when drugs such as oxycontin were approved as a safe pain pill to be taken when prescribed by doctors. Our question is aimed at why do opioids pose such a threat to veterans. We want to try and understand why doctors in veterans hospitals are continuing to prescribe these addictive medications knowing that the United States has an opioid crisis right now. The question we are answering is extremely important in finding a solution due to the fact that these veterans are fighting for our lives overseas and when they come back we are not fighting for them. They represent a population that is underserved when it comes to being treated for disorders like PTSD and injuries resulting from war. These veterans choose to take and become dependant on these drugs for many reasons. Boulder Crest Retreat is a place veterans of war can attend at no cost to start a road to recovery, the Institute was formed to deve lop, deliver, study and scale Posttraumatic Growth-based solutions to struggle â€Å" including trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression and suicidality (Press Release Newswire, 2018). By attending these retreats they can start bettering themselves before they turn to prescription drugs for help. According to a publication written by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, there has been a zero tolerance policy that has been enforced since 1982. This policy can become a problem once they are finished with their time in the armed forces because they have no tolerance for any drugs being prescribed, meaning any drug can become addictive. We feel that by implementing a change invoking solution to the care of these veterans, it will lower the statistics of using prescription drugs. There are many other sources that mention opioid issues in the military or even after, and some even speak about changes and steps to recovering properly for these veterans. However, by approaching this question of Why is the opioid crisis so severe in veterans of the armed forces and how can we begin to start them on the road to recovery? we can try to combine all of the knowledge we have fou nd and address the question using many different areas of the crisis, including business, mental issues, physical issues, health care accessibility and overall adequate care. The length that the opioid crisis has stretched is far beyond what most of us realize. After veterans have spent so many years fighting for our country, they come back home to fight another issue: the opioid crisis. Everyday, the opioid crisis kills roughly one hundred Americans and veterans are twice as likely to die from an overdose than civilians, a Department of Veterans Affairs study showed (Centerstone). A large amount of prescribed medications for the military are opioids and for any pain management opioids are the first go to. A study performed in 2014 concluded that 40% of the American military has chronic pain and 15% of those individuals use opioids to combat it (Providers Clinical Support System, 2017). Unfortunately, these numbers continue to rise. Research done at the University of Texas provided interesting information into the trends of the opioid crisis (Kazanis et al., 2018). In 2011, there was a decrease in both civilian and veterans populations, but more so among veterans. Between 2011 and 2013 there were continuous declines and largely in part due to policies put in place by the Department of Defense (DoD). A minor part of the decline can be attributed to changes in the veteran population and amount of opioids prescribed. The DoD has been working to lower the rate of opioid prescriptions and when the prescriptions are necessary, they are trying to prevent the misuse. According to the Army Times, many are working diligently to combat pain that soldiers experience early on (Curthoys, 2018). Through being proactive, they can reduce the amount of opioid misuse and at the same time address issues that soldiers experience. Majority of soldiers return home with a whole host of issues. Cpl. Darin Adams returned home with back pain, an injury that had never been addressed when it occurred (Schumaker Almendrala). Now, back in America he has to deal with the pain every day and uses opioids to combat it. Another study was performed after 9/11 in 2013 showed how vicious the opioid cycle has become. Joel, injured by a bomb, was prescribed any pill that he asked for even though he showed signs of addiction. He stated that he could get almost 500 pills at a time without anyone questioning it. This was standard protocol for many years until officials started looking into the doctors. More education was put in place and other measures were considered before going straight to pills. While the DoD is aware of the dangers that this crisis is inflicting upon the military population, much still has to be done to completely eradicate this problem. The opioid crisis in our military and veterans is too large to be ignored. These men and women are fighting to keep us safe and ensure our rights, but the fight for them is far from over once they return home. Our project is geared to find the source of the opioid problem in the military and offer alternatives. One alternative to opioids that has been introduced has been the use of acupuncture for pain. According to a study conducted by the Military Healthcare System, findings of this study were consistent with physician-provided efforts to control pain, and top diagnoses were similar between active- and nonactive-duty beneficiaries. These data are in line with meta-analyses showing that acupuncture was more effective than placebo for addressing pain conditions, including headache, knee and back pain, neck disorders, and peripheral osteoarthritis (Madsen, 2018). This study is just one example that there are alternatives to opioids that we are simply ignoring. Other alternatives, according to Military Medicine, include prescription monitoring programs, sole provider programs, and quality of care metrics (Sharpe, 2014). These alternatives provide a multitude of benefits. While monetary benefits are important to the success of a project, we are more focused on the social benefits. Military members struggle to live normal lives when they come home due to an addiction that they were prescribed. With the alternatives to opioids described above, we believe that current military members and veterans have a chance to end their addictions to opioids. The benefits of reducing opioid use range from quality time with family and friends, increased overall health, and even financial benefits. While our alternatives are not free, they are a much healthier and safer option. We hope that, with the reduction in opioid use, that service members and veterans will be able to return to who they were before they were addicted. These benefits will not be immediate, but with support and time, will be worth it.

Education Philosophy Essay - 1069 Words

Education Philosophy My life has been influenced greatly by teachers. Since I was a child, teaching is all I wanted to do. My mother is a fifth grade teacher. I have quite a few friends that are teachers. I have been fortunate to be influenced by some great teachers throughout my academic career. I love to be around kids and I like participating in the process of learning. I appreciate learning even today. I enjoy the learning process and hope to one day influence students in the future. I hope to one day become a high school social studies teacher. I enjoy history and geography, and I especially love politics and discussing current events. I like class discussions and letting different opinions express themselves.†¦show more content†¦I do agree that students must be taught to appreciate learning primarily for its own sake rather than because it will help them in their careers. I agree that schools must place more emphasis on teaching about the concerns of minorities and women. I agr ee to reward students well for learning and they will remember and be able to apply what they learned, even if they were not led to understand why the information is worth knowing. I agree that schools must provide students with a firm grasp of basic facts regarding the books, people, and events that have shaped the nation’s heritage. I agree that teachers must stress for students the relevance of what they is learning to their lives outside, as well as inside, the classroom. I agree that students should not be promoted from one grade to the next until they have read and mastered certain key material. I agree that teaching strategies involve computer Simulation, role-playing, cooperative learning, internship, and work-study experiences. I agree academic rigor is an essential component of education. I agree that teachers must be willing to engage in ongoing renewal of their personal and professional lives. I agree that frequent objective testing is the best way to determine wh at students know. I would also agree that learning is more effective when students are given frequent tests to determine what they have leaned. I do not agree that the curriculum of the schools should focus on the great thinkers of theShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy : Philosophy Of Education1328 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy of Education Jihyae Choe Liberty University TESL 419 â€Æ' Philosophy of Education A good educator decides the direction of teaching based on a resolute educational philosophy. A firm and resolute philosophy does not equate with a fixed perspective, instead it is a strong foundation that can stabilize the life long educational career. In order to establish a firm philosophical basis, passion toward education should accompany proper understanding. Successful educators who establishedRead MorePhilosophy And Philosophy Of Education1866 Words   |  8 PagesPhilosophy of Education An educational philosophy gives teachers and all educators’ ways to use problem solving in schools. For a lot of practitioners, actual teaching has been reduced to action lacking of a rationale or justification. According to Alan Sadovick, the author of our textbook, a philosophy of education is â€Å"firmly rooted in practice, whereas philosophy, as a discipline, stands on its own with no specific end in mind† (Sadovnik, 2013, pg. 179). All teachers and prospective teachers haveRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education1175 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs is called a philosophy of education. â€Å"A philosophy of education represents answers to questions about the purpose of schooling, a teacher s role, and what should be taught and by what methods† (Philosophy of Education). Educational philosophies differ among all individuals in education. With individual educators, some choose a teacher-centered philosophy and others choose a student-centered philosop hy. It appears that both realms of philosophy play an important role in education inside the typicalRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe philosophy of education seeks to study the process and discipline of education in order to understand how it works, improve its methods and perfect its purposes in today’s society. How this is done is determined by how well the learner internalizes the concepts of the discipline taught by the educator. Educators have a tremendous responsibility not only to prepare students for their lives ahead, but also to contribute to the evolution of knowledge for future generations. Each generation notRead MorePhilosophy Of Education And Education928 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy of Education I believe philosophy of education is defined with learning in many ways. In order to reach a certain level of learning there’s recourse along the way that defines the person and goal. John Dewey said â€Å"educational philosophy centers pragmatism and the method of learning by doing.† Purpose of Schooling A hundred years ago the definition and purpose of schooling changed tremendously. There was a point in time where education was very mediocre and a diploma was not requiredRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy Of Education880 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Education Philosophy test that we took in class, my education philosophy matched with social reconstruction. Social Reconstructionist believes that systems must keep changing to improve human conditions. Also, emphasizes social questions and to create a better society. Social reconstructionist believe that you have to start over to make things better. While going through the PowerPoint that explained what social reconstitution is, in a deeper way, I came to the conclusion that socialRead MoreMy Philosophy On The Philosophy Of Education844 Words   |  4 PagesIn mathematics, as in life, everything must be brought to the simplest of terms. I base my teaching philosophy on the foundation that every student is capable of learning m athematics. I will strive, as a teacher, to ensure that my students are able to have a strong foundation of mathematical skills when they leave my classroom. Some students believe that they are not mathematically gifted; therefore, incapable of learning mathematics. I believe to the contrary, all students with motivation, sustainedRead More Education Philosophy Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesEducational Philosophy I have an eclectic philosophy of education that I derived from a wide range of pre-existing philosophies. I identify most with the philosophies of essentialism and perennialism. In my opinion, students should have a strong foundation in the core curriculum areas of English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Science. After all, house built on a weak foundation will not stand. I also prefer the perennialist’s approach of studying the classics like Homer, ShakespeareRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe philosophy of education is not a topic that can be fully taught and understood by reading and studying a textbook, or a few textbooks for that matter. I believe that the philosophy of education is somewhat subjective, rather than objective, and that there exists numerous answers to what is the â€Å"philosophy of education†. I feel that one’s answers can not be expressed with a single word nor a sentence; and that one has to â€Å"experience† rather than just read to find the answer. Yes, a huge part ofRead MorePhilosophy : The Liberalistic Philosophy Of Education807 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Education 2 Perspective: The Liberalistic Philosophy of Education The empowerment of individuals within a community appeared to be nonexistent in Greek philosopher Plato s, Allegory of the Cave. Preferentially, it was simply not within the range of one s knowledge, experience, or understanding; strange; therefore, unfamiliar. Greek philosopher Plato, an astute student of Socrates, his focal point - an advocate

Contrast and Compare Cbt and Existential Therapy Essay

Contrast and compare CBT and Existential therapy Cognitive-behavioural therapy or CBT is representative of the integration of behavioural therapy and cognitive therapy. It encourages the empowerment of an individual to be able to change how they think (cognitive) and how awareness of particular problematic patterns may impact upon our consequent responses (behaviour) (R ch7). Pivotal to our understanding of such mental health problems from a CBT perspective is Beck’s ‘Cognitive theory of emotion’. It purposes that events and situations are not responsible for emotional responses. Instead it is the ‘meanings’ we attach which reflect the complex interaction between an individual’s history, mood and the context of experience. These†¦show more content†¦Existentialist ideas are brought into the therapeutic process as hermeneutics; the methods of interpretation of personal meanings which enable the therapist to better understand the client’s issues in living.R By working through a multiple of universal aspects of what it is to be human a client is helped to seek new ways of living. In terms of sadness and depression, comparisons and contrasts can be made between CBT and existential therapy. Heidegger and Boss understood sadness or depression as a mood invoked by feelings of being closed off from an aspect of our freedom. They suggest that depression is a consequence of this restricted way of thinking and not the result of inner psychological conflict. Contrastingly, through Beck’s pivotal cognitive theory of emotion, CBT considers sadness or depression to be a common negative emotional response or disorder associated with thoughts and mental images from the past brought about by a viscous cycle of negative patterns of interpretation and dysfunctional reactions which further compound a negative mood. It further suggests that feelings of sadness or even depression are associated with a perception that something has been lost, actually or conceptually. Our experience of past, present and future are seen as key factors in mental distress byShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Psychotherapy Has Undergone Sensational Change.1915 Words   |  8 Pageshumanistic, counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy existential psychology, as well as mindfulness and other approaches, has been subject to discussion and debate, â€Å"it is purposed that confusion and anxiety could inccur the need to choose from such a broad array of services on offer, by any potential client† (Carbonell, 2017) This essay provides a synopsis of two unique sorts of treatment namely Existential therapy and Cognitive behavioural therapy, and their use in clients suffering fear andRead MoreTherapeutic Models, Person Centred And Existential2072 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will explore two therapeutic models, Person-Centred and Existential, with the aim of understanding the similarities and differences in terms of their fundamental principles, approach and techniques as well as the situations in which they may be best applied. Person-centred therapy was developed by Carl Rogers as a new approach to therapy which put the emphasis on the quality of the relationship between the therapist and client and redefined the roles they would both play in the therapeuticRead MorePsychotherapy and Depression Essay2783 Words   |  12 Pagesthe various symptoms of sadness and hopelessness characteristic of major depression can be cured simply by balancing the chemical messengers in charge of happiness and motivation in the brain or must the need to be perceived and understood through therapy be satisfied? Are we, as humans, simply biological machines, or is there something more? Considering the research question: â€Å"How do the benefits and limitations of antidepressants and psychotherapy in reducing symptoms of major depression give aRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Chapter Mood Disorders5762 Words   |  24 Pages Which of the following symptoms characterize a manic episode? A. feelings of guilt B. irritability C. anhedonia D. loss of energy 10. A 35-year-old individual named Manny has recently formulated an elaborate plan to cure AIDS with vitamin therapy. To provide funding for this cause he has withdrawn all the money from his bank account and purchased thousands of jars of vitamins and small boxes in which to put them. When he appeared at a hospital emergency room loudly demanding names of patients

Essay on The Morality of Torture - 1338 Words

The Morality of Torture The moral issue of torture is one that has come under scrutiny by many national and international organizations as of late. To talk about torture one must really understand what torture is. As taken from Dictionary.com â€Å"1.a. Infliction or severe physical pain as a means of punishment or coercion. b. An instrument or a method for inflicting such pain. 2. Excruciating physical or mental pain; agony. 3. Something causing severe pain or anguish.† This is just the literal meaning of the word but doesn’t entail the great horror that usually accompanies torture. As stated in the â€Å"Ticking Bomb† example given on the instruction sheets, â€Å"The interrogation won’t be pretty, and the prisoner may never recover. Shall we do†¦show more content†¦Mistreatment of people creates resentment and anger in the individual and his family, friends and community, and therefore any government-sanctioned torture here is certain to generate more hateful opponen ts of the US. The official use of torture by the President or another governing body in the U.S. (as given as a replacement on the instruction sheet for this paper) would nullify US efforts against torture abroad and undermine U.S. human rights policy. It also would signal to other governments that when faced with a special situation, any behavior is acceptable. It has been proven by organizations such as Human Rights Watch, United States Institute of Peace and The Crimes of War Project that legitimizing torture, even on a small scale, or any form of cruel treatment brings the principles and ethics that society is based on down. Especially if the U.S. uses it because to the rest of the world we are looked up to as the most law-biding nation, yet we bend the rules to fit each circumstance and look for the loop holes which brings further scrutiny on specific things such as; a POW not being a terrorist detainee and are somehow outside the realm of human rights laws against torture. Not only can torture be unproductive it can also work totally against a nation that uses it. For instance if the U.S. didn’t enforce the universally recognized right to not be tortured itShow MoreRelatedThe Morality Of Torture Is Always Morally Wrong977 Words   |  4 Pages The morality of torture has been debated for years. This paper will specifically discuss two articles of opposing viewpoints. David Gushee fervently argues against torture in his article Torture is Always Morally Wrong. In Torture is Moral When Inflicted for a Greater Good Patrick Buchanan argues in favor of torture. The latter of the two, presents the strongest case. Each article grapples the issue of torture in a unique perspective. Gushee’s bold stance against torture is clearly influenced byRead MoreThe Morality Of Torture On The Middle East Today And The War On Terrorism2356 Words   |  10 PagesMorality of Torture. With the issues going on in the Middle East today and the war on terrorism, the use of torture including murder, is a very widespread and controversial issue. Torture is viewed as morally wrong; therefore it is also legally wrong as well, not just on the home front but internationally as well (Is Torture Ever Justified). However, torture is sometimes not only right, but is needed for a greater good. With the case of torture you may not be able to see whether it is clearly wrongRead MoreThe Ethics of Torture Essay examples1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe institution of torture has been in existence for quite sometime; however, it was not always seen as an ethical question. In antiquity, the Romans employed something known as â€Å"the cat-of-nine-tails,† which was a flogging instrument with nine sharp ends. However, the use of torture was not confined to the West, the Chinese utilized â€Å"bamboo sticks to beat people.† During antiquity, torture was used as a punishme nt, but during the Spanish Inquisition, this notion of torture evolved to a meansRead MoreTorture Has Been Practiced Throughout History1685 Words   |  7 PagesTorture has been practiced throughout history. â€Å"Torture is any act that intentionally inflicts severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, when executed to serve a stated purpose other than punishment, such as gathering intelligence information or intimidating government dissenters†(â€Å"Torture†). Many cultures throughout history, such as the Romans, Jews, Egyptians, and many more have used torture as part of their justice and law system. One of the Roman’s torturing methods was crucifixionRead MoreTorture and Ethics1604 Words   |  7 PagesTorture and Ethics Paper Alfreepha Williams AJS/532 July 21, 2013 Patricia DeAngelis Torture and Ethics There are many views or definition of the word â€Å"torture†, which is often debated by many individuals. According to â€Å"International Rehabilitation Council For Torture Victims† (2005-2012), â€Å"torture is an act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining information or a confession, punishing him for anRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Violation1498 Words   |  6 Pagessubjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment† (O’Byrne, 2003, pg. 400). This human rights violation is also discussed in Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (408). While torture is discussed in many covenants and declarations as morally and legally wrong, many still argue that torture can be justified in certain situations. There are many answers and theories that can be applied to the everlasting question, is torture wrong? All theRead MoreThe United States War On Terror1158 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the major innovations fostered by the â€Å"War on Terror† was the expansion of torture. The dramatic rise in terrorism sparked the unethical advancement of interrogation techniques in order to more effectively acquire information. The emergence of the â€Å"War on Terror† required government officials acquire intelligence in a new way thus spawning the emergence of â€Å"enhanced interrogation† methods, however, the morality of these techniques would come into question as they were revealed to the publicRead MoreTorture Allowed in the United States1408 Words   |  6 Pagessimilar incidents. Torture can be used to prevent these terrible incidents and save the lives of many people. Torture in the United States has been a debatable subject for many years now but after resent tragedies, the idea of torture of many American citizens has changed. It has also been de bated over more after the attacks on September 9, 2001 than any other time in American history. Many fight the legalization of torture for moral and civil reasons but the truth is that torture is a lesser evilRead MoreTorture and National Security: A Moral Question Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of morals, why they are important, and to whom or for whom our moral responsibility lends itself. The curriculum is a comprehensive examination of these questions and successfully projects ideas about human morality that, depending on which text, either affirmed or questioned our morality. In addition, we have addressed moral disengagement, a plague that seems to inject every one of us with the ability to ignore or reject situations which call for moral action. While the curriculum does an appropriateRead MoreTerrorism : The United States1154 Words   |  5 Pagesruthless, but when they are in our hands what exactly is acceptable to save lives. Interrogation can quickly turn t o torture as the line between the two can be thin. To understand and better handle these situations requires a proper perspective of morality, the purpose of interrogation and law. Morality is a tough subject and is defined by groups of people differently. Morality may have universal parts, but often it varies from culture to culture. (4) When molarity is discussed often times the

Pakistan s Armed Forces Of Pakistan Essay - 1050 Words

Military Pakistan’s armed forces consists of three branches, an Army, Navy and Air Force. The military service age is 16-23 years old for voluntary service, but can only deploy for combat once a male reaches 18 years of age. Pakistan’s paramilitary forces consists of Pakistani rangers and Mehran forces, whose sole purpose is border patrol. The Frontier Corp is responsible for protecting the western borders. Maritime Security Agency is responsible for patrolling Pakistan’s territorial waters and the Airport Security protects airports in Pakistan. (â€Å"Pakistan military strength,† 2006) Pakistan labor force for their armed forces is approximately 62,000,000. Pakistan has approximately 20 military bases throughout Pakistan. The current chief of Pakistan’s Army is General Raheel Sharif. The Pakistan armed force fighting and supporting arms include an Armored Corps, Artillery and Army Air Defense. The force also includes Infantry, Engineers and an Ar my Aviation Corps. Pakistan has many of the same academic schools as the United States Army to include Junior Leaders Academy (JLA), which is equivalent to Advanced Leaders Course (ALC). (â€Å"Pakistan army web portal,† n.d) Pakistan does not have much of an information Warfare capability. Computers are still almost non-existent and the government owned telecommunications barley provides security. Due to the lack of security measures, it is easy for propaganda and defamation of the government to be presented to the local populaceShow MoreRelatedOthe Native Population And Original Form Of Government1652 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment in Pakistan. The population of Pakistan is 195,685,058 as of March 27th, 2017, based on the latest United Nations estimates. This is equivalent to 2.62% of the total world population, ranking at number 6 in the list of countries and colonies by population. In 1955, just a few years after Pakistan became an independent country in 1947, the population was at 40,427,072. This is a rise of approximately 150,000,000 in 62 years. o The colonial era and the influence of European rulers on Pakistan andRead MoreThe Relations And Roles Of The Iran And Iraq War1237 Words   |  5 PagesPAK-IRAN RELATIONS Chronicled BACKGROUND: After the chance of Pakistan in Aug 1947, Iran had the novel distinction of being the main country to overall distinguish the sovereign position of Pakistan. As of now, the two nations are financially savvy partners. This cooperation made due all through the Awesome War, with Iran helping Pakistan in its debate with main adversary, Local neighborhood Indian nearby. In return once more, Pakistan expanded Iran militarily amid the Iran– Iraq War in the Nineteen-eightiesRead MoreThe Relations Between India And Pakistan1168 Words   |  5 PagesPakistan’s alliance began in the early 1960’s through the early 1970’s when conflicts between India vs. China and Pakistan had intensified. The Sino-Indian war that took place in 1962 ended as fast as it began. Along with the war that had taken place between India and Pakistan in 1965 and in 1971 when another indo-Pakistani war erupted and East Pakistan claimed independence and is known today as Bangladesh (Hagerty, 200 2). In this comparison China and Pakistan had identified their similar interests withRead MoreThe United States : Military Security And Foreign Affairs Essay1264 Words   |  6 Pagesbattlefield weapons capable of inflicting very serious damage and being unlawful for use outside combat zones. She states that police are the proper law enforcement agents, outside these zones, and are generally required to warn before using lethal force. By failing to restrict these remote weapons systems to the battlefield the U.S. is failing to respect a basic rule that contradicts the goal of winning hearts and minds to respect the rule of law. She breaks her speech into three sections: dronesRead MoreThe War Between India And Pakistan1090 Words   |  5 PagesIn the middle of 1971 the war between India and Pakistan became a must for India, there seemed no miracle to halt the inevitable nor Allah wanted Pakistan to keep continuing with its’ nefarious activities, and the entire world leader s and major powers become active to have their own slice of flash. The intelligence agencies of USA, USSR, China, India, Pakistan and other countries became highly active, sensitive to each and every movement in the Indian-sub-continent. Israel’s Mossad came out highlyRead MorePakist A Regional And Middle Power1046 Words   |  5 Pages Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. It has many ethnicities and many languages that people speak in this country. A regional and middle power, Pakistan has the seventh largest standing armed force in the world and is a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state. They are the only nation in the Muslim world and the second Country in South Asia to have that status. It has a semi-industrialized economy with a well-integratedRead MoreThe United States Department Of Defense Defines Terrorism2181 Words   |  9 Pagesgenerally political, religious, or ideologica l.† Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation—and each element produces terror in its victims. The FBI uses this definition: Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism to be premeditated politically-motivatedRead MoreDrone Assassination : A New Type Of Warfare1684 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States deployed Special Forces to overthrow the Taliban. Three months later the Special Forces were successful in driving the Taliban out of Afghanistan. After this overthrow, top leaders of the Taliban fled to Northwestern Pakistan. This presented a number of problems to the United States. The biggest problem was the United States was not at war with Pakistan, which is an ally and a member of NATO. Meaning the United States could not enter the country of Pakistan and pursue the Taliban leadersRead MoreEssay on The Legitimacy of U.S. Drone Strikes 1642 Words   |  7 Pagesafter 1985 (Shaw, 2012, p. 1490). As the United States initiated the use drones against Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces, vast criticism sparked throughout the world questioning its legality under the international law. In this paper, I will focus o n the legitimacy of targeted killing, its ambiguous lawfulness under jus ad bellum [Latin - right to war], and humanitarian problems caused in Pakistan during Bush and Obama administrations. I will conclude my paper by claiming that the current drone policy ofRead MoreThe Threat Of Al Qaeda1043 Words   |  5 PagesAl-Qaeda is one of the major global militant terrorist that was founded in Peshawar, Pakistan in the year of 1988. Al-Qaeda is consisted a terrorist groups in different countries such as Russia, India, United States, United Nations Security Council, NATO also known as North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the European Union, France, New Zealand, Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Israel, Japan, India, South Korea, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Ireland, Canada, Phillippines, Turkey, and Sweden. Al-Qaeda

Cambodian Genocide free essay sample

Cambodia, a southeastern Asian country, has endured many feats in history and has often been conquered but never has it seen such a devastation as heinous as in the year 1970. With a population of roughly 7 million people at the time, almost all Cambodians prior to genocide practiced Buddhism. The country was reigned by France for nearly 100 years and finally gained independence in 1953. Cambodia then became a constitutional monarchy when Prince Sihanouk took place as king. After much struggling to keep his land independent from other countries, Sihanouk was deposed in a military coup involving Prime Minister General Lon Nol. This caused the Vietnamese communists that lived partially in Cambodia to form a rebellious group called the Khmer Rouge. Invasions seemed never ending for the country, as Sihanouk was unable to regain his power as king. Tension between Lon Nol’s government and Khmer Rouge had risen to an all time high until Khmer Rouge gained complete power of the country in 1975 and the official name was even changed to Democratic Kampucha. We will write a custom essay sample on Cambodian Genocide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What we know today as called Cambodia became a hostile and very dangerous place to live, as it was basically war grounds for the Vietnamese war. Overthrown by Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, Cambodians were forced to follow an organized extremist program to simulate Maoist communism. All laws and rights previously cherished by the country were aborted and Pol Pot’s plan was to annihilate traditional Cambodian society. People whose families had lived in Cambodia for countless generations were suddenly forced on extremely short notice to flee their homes. The Khmer Rouge ruthlessly murdered any person on the spot if they refused to leave their homes or even took too long to leave. Those who didn’t obey orders were shot. Babies, sick children, the elderly and disabled people were also shot for not being able to leave soon enough. All establishments were shut down. Factories, hospitals, schools, temples and universities no longer existed, nor did religion, music or personal relationships. All people who had earned  professional titles, such as doctors, teachers, engineers, lawyers and countless others were sought out by Khmer Rouge and murdered alongside their extended families. People who were kept in the country were forced to work in labor camps and were barely kept alive. Countless fell ill and later died from poor living conditions because they were not treated or cared for. All minorities including Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai were murdered. Half of the Muslim population was wiped out, along with roughly 8,000 Christians. Throughout the 1980’s efforts were made by outside countries to demolish the Khmer Rouge and resurrect Cambodian society. Finally in 1991 Cambodia accomplished a peace treaty to enforce ceasefire and eventually Sihanouk was reclaimed the King, two years later. Reconstruction was not easy since all of the people who were trained in engineering, law, medicine and leaders were killed. Also the economy was destroyed due to Pol Pot and his outlook on foreign aid. A peace keeping force was created to deal with any issues involving refugees. Today Cambodia is once again a constitutional monarchy and is controlled by a senate and numerous other politicians. An advanced and organized government clearly exists and lands that were once places of terror have now been made into memorials dedicated to the many Cambodians who were murdered. Although the psychological scars that were caused by traumatic genocide will never cease, a greater sense of nationalism has been created and the population that is made up of mostly people who haven’t experienced the genocide has accomplished a great recovery. I feel that the steps that were taken by those who helped liberate Cambodia were successful in redeeming their society, considering how disturbing the genocide was. The genocide laws that were enforced in this case seem mostly for political reasons, but there were exceptions of laws that simply were not reasonable. Laws that restricted people from participating in school, practicing their specific trade and going to their place of religion or even praying, can be categorized as politically driven since the Khmer Rouge was determined to make Cambodia identical to Maoist China. The reasoning behind laws such as the prohibition of personal relationships, wearing eye glasses, music, radio sets, knowing a foreign language, laughing, crying and expressions of affection are not political, but rather selfish and obviously intolerant. Since this specific genocide is linked to the Vietnamese War that involved mass death in other countries as well, it is imaginable that the near regions that experienced genocide as well were quite similar. An account that is comparable to the Cambodian genocide is the genocide that occurred in Rwanda. Besides the fact that Rwanda also has a beautiful subtropical climate, both countries suffered horrible due to the misdoing of their own people. Both countries endured a crippling massacre that will forever remain in their history and be revisited by the countless people who lost their families. Also, the economies of the countries were both severely damaged, leaving today’s population with a disadvantage as the economy and education systems advance at a very slow pace. I have never encountered any type of massacre or terrible tragedy, especially at this scale, but can sympathize for the people who did or did not survive this horror. Since I haven’t encountered anything like this I don’t have anything personal to share concerning genocide. Although by being an American in the 21st century, the terrorist attacks known as 9/11 is a relatable tragedy. Thousands of people were injured or killed that day because of the view the terrorists had towards America. The amount of people who were killed was not entirely catastrophic to our society as in the case of Cambodia and I am not sure if it can necessarily be considered genocide but the intentions of the terrorists are similar in a way to those of Khmer Rogue. Khmer Rogue was intolerant and controlling when they were not justified in doing so, especially considering the amount of innocent people who were murdered. Pol Pot knew how we wanted to run his version of Cambodia and did not care that Khmer Rogue was destructive towards Cambodian society. I believe that when the Al-Qaeda terrorists crashed into the twin towers their intentions were to cripple our society and make the statement that they do not agree with the way we run our country. Regardless of how many people are killed in attempt to harm a country’s society, those who murder due to intolerance do not deserve to exist. Over half of the population of Cambodia was murdered throughout the few years that the Khmer Rogue was in power, therefor harming their future potential in the world. I think that the chances of war ever coming to an end for human beings all over the world are extremely slim, but if war for the sake of intolerant control over people continues to occur war will never end. Genocide spreads hatred that cannot be destroyed.

Structure And Function Of A Protein @Dehydrogenase

Question: Write a short essay on the structure and function of a protein from the following list: Phosphoglycerate mutase, Glycogen synthase, Aconitase, Alcohol dehydrogenase ? Answer: Function NAD (P) dependent oxido-reducatases catalyse the reversible oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. Among them, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) comprises a group of dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyzes the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the concomitant reduction of NAD+ or NADP+. The said enzyme is a 146.8KDa protein, found in animals, plant, fungi, algae, bacteria and other related species (Ying Ma, 2011). The principal metabolic purpose that is being facilitated with this enzyme functioning is the breakdown of alcoholic substances in the body, which otherwise can be toxic. On the contrary, in case of yeast and certain other bacterial species, ADH1 plays a crucial role in an opposite reaction as part of the process of fermentation, for continuous production of NAD+. The enzyme is composed of 347 amino acids and its isoelectric point is 6.23 (Hansch, 1972). This ubiquitous group of enzymes are present in div erse tissues like liver, kidneys, gastric mucosa and mammary glands in human and other developed species. To cope up with the alcoholic substrates this group of enzymes evolved in the course of evolution, which is capable of decomposing or processing such organic compounds. The regulation of ADH is being studied in diverse organisms, notably yeast, drosophila, maize and human. Multiple ADH isozymes are differentially expressed in each of these organisms. Mutants lacking each of the isozymes show greater tolerance to allyl alcohol, which is converted to the toxin acrolein by ADH. Structure Structurally, the enzyme composed of a tetramer where each of the subunit contains a zinc atom (Zn+2). The zinc ion is stabilized with the close state formed by four Cysteine residues, viz. Cysteine 97, Cysteine 100, Cysteine 103 and Cysteine 111. The coordination of these residues with Zn+ ion gives a positioning of symmetric tetrahedron. The said coordination is important for the enzyme functioning, which is believed to be governed by electrostatic interaction (Bergquist, 2000). Each monomer is distinguished into two domains, a co-enzyme binding and a catalytic domain. Three dimensional structure of the active site explored the presence of a hydrogen-bonded proton-relay system. Two distinct active site sulfhydryl groups are there which are responsible for differential reactivity to iodoacetate and butyl isocyante (Eklund, 1976). Therefore the active centre in the quaternary structure of the active enzyme corresponds to each individual chain consisting of one reactive sulfhydryl gro up, which in turn is bound to one atom of zinc and 1 mole of NAD+/NADP+. Here the zinc acts as an electron attractor, where it gives rise to increased electrophilic character of the aldehyde. Therefore its mechanism of action essentially based on the electrophilic catalysis mediated by the active site zinc atom. With the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, this enzyme catalyzes interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones. The first-ever isolated alcohol dehydrogenase was purified from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast). Yeast ADH (YALD1) is one of the first enzymes to be crystalized (Leskovac, 2002). In 1937, crystallized ADH form was isolated from brewers yeast by Negelein and Wulff (1937). Later seven genes were identified to express ScADH1 in large amounts in presence of glucose. YADHD1 is a constitutive enzyme that reduces acetaldehyde into ethanol during fermentation of glucose. It is a zinc-containing protein, and it accounts for the ma jor part of ADH activity in growing bakers yeast (Branden, 1973). Glycolysis and aerobic respiration are the two metabolic pathways observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ethanol is the important metabolite in yeast metabolic system, being the end product of glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation. Pyruvate synthesized in glycolysis is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2 and acetaldehyde in turn is then reduced to ADH1. Therefore in yeast, YADHD1 performs the last step in the conversion of food into metabolic energy by creating ethanol instead of detoxifying it. For industrial purpose, humans exploit this metabolic pathway in order to produce alcoholic beverages (Parlesak, 2002). Relationship between Structure and Function The main mechanism of action of the enzyme, can be narrated in the following steps. It is noteworthy to mention that the following points can be considered as the key steps of the reaction catalysed by ADH (Danielsson, 1992). Binding of the ADH enzyme to the coenzyme NAD+ for functional activation. Binding of the alcohol (as substrate) with ADH. This binding of enzyme and substrate is facilitated with coordination to zinc atom. Deprotonation in the enzyme at Histidine 51 position. This deprotonation is subsequently followed by deprotonation of nicotinamide ribose. Deprotonation of another residue in protein, Threonine 48, for accompanying the alcohol molecule. Final deprotonation of the alcohol molecule. Hydride transfer mechanism mediated from the corresponding alkoxide ion to NAD+ Formation and release of the final product (aldehyde). It is important to mention that there are other amino acids, which are involved in the catalytic action. To be particular, these residues are Cysteine 46, Cysteine 174 and Histidine 67. A simplified illustration of the reaction is given below. CH3CH2OH -------- CH3CHO --------- CH3COOH (Ethanol) (Acetaldehyde) (Acetic acid) The corresponding reaction between ethanol to acetaldehyde is catalysed by alcohol dehydrogenase, and the subsequent reaction from acetaldehyde to acetic acid is catalysed by aldehyde dehydrogenase. CH3CH2OH + NAD+ ------------ CH3CHO + NADH + H+ Thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of YADHD1 have been measured in solution with different stabilizing additives such as sugar or osmolytes. Thermal denaturation temperature (Td) for yeast ADH without additives has been reported to be 61.3C. Sucrose, which is known to be a compatible osmolyte, showed maximum increase in the Td by more than 12C (Eckstein, 2004). On the other hand, the kinetic deactivation process of ADH1 can be explained by first order rate-kinetics. The loss of kinetic stability of ADH1 is correlated with the change in its active site of the protein (Mildvan, 1969). Moreover, the kinetic stability of the enzyme is affected at a much lower temperature than that of its thermodynamic stability. Study indicated that thermal unfolding is not encountered below 60C whereas the kinetic deactivation is observed even at 50C. Therefore the kinetic stability is much more delicate compared to its thermodynamic stability, as it needs a large scale of denaturation of the whole p rotein structure. Kinetic studies of commercially available ADHs revealed that they are capable of oxidizing all primary alcohols of chain length of between 2 and 10 carbon atoms (Klinman, 1981). References Bergquist, C., Storrie, H., Koutcher, L., Bridgewater, B. M., Friesner, R. A., Parkin, G. (2000). Factors influencing the thermodynamics of zinc alkoxide formation by alcoholysis of the terminal hydroxide complex,[TpBut, Me] ZnOH: an experimental and theoretical study relevant to the mechanism of action of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122(51), 12651-12658. Brndn, C. I., Eklund, H., Nordstrm, B., Boiwe, T., Sderlund, G., Zeppezauer, E., ... keson, . (1973). Structure of liver alcohol dehydrogenase at 2.9- resolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 70(8), 2439-2442. Danielsson, O., Jrnvall, H. (1992). " Enzymogenesis": classical liver alcohol dehydrogenase origin from the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase line. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(19), 9247-9251. Eckstein, M., Villela Filho, M., Liese, A., Kragl, U. (2004). Use of an ionic liquid in a two-phase system to improve an alcohol dehydrogenase catalysed reduction. Chemical communications, (9), 1084-1085. Eklund, H., Nordstrm, B., Zeppezauer, E., Sderlund, G., Ohlsson, I., Boiwe, T., ... keson, . (1976). Three-dimensional structure of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase at 2.4 resolution. Journal of molecular biology, 102(1), 27-59. Hansch, C., Schaeffer, J., Kerley, R. (1972). Alcohol dehydrogenase structure-activity relationships. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 247(14), 4703-4710. Klinman, J. P. (1981). Probes of mechanism and transition-state structure in the alcohol dehydrogenase reactio. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 10(1), 39-78. Leskovac, V., Trivi, S., Peri in, D. (2002). The three zinc containing alcohol dehydrogenases from baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS yeast research, 2(4), 481-494. Mildvan, A. S., Weiner, H. (1969). Interaction of a Spin-labeled Analogue of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide with Alcohol Dehydrogenase III. thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural properties of ternary complexes as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244(9), 2465-2475. Negelein E, Wulff HJ (1937). Biochem. Z. 293: 351 Parlesak, A., Billinger, M. H. U., Bode, C., Bode, J. C. (2002). Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity in man: influence of gender, age, alcohol consumption and smoking in a Caucasian population. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37(4), 388-393. Ying, X., Ma, K. (2011). Characterization of a zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase with stereoselectivity from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus guaymasensis. Journal of bacteriology, 193(12), 3009-3019.

Ishmael Beah’s Families free essay sample

Familys in a childs life has the most impact on them. It shows them how to grow up and who to trust. In the book â€Å"A Long Way Home† by Ismael Beah, is a true memoir about a boy named Ismael Beah who grows up with many struggles and no family. He was only about twelve years old when he was performing at a rap group and his village was attacked by the Civil War in Sierra Leone leaving him and his group of friends homeless without their families. While they are alone they struggle finding food and a shelter in different villages. While Ishmael is  looking for his family in different villages, he is captured by Lieutenant Jabati which turns him into a boy soldier killing innocent people and making him addicted to drugs. He is then found by UNICEF which puts him in rehab to help him find a future and fix what has happened to him in the past. We will write a custom essay sample on Ishmael Beah’s Families or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But it was not easy for him to express himself, until he finds a nurse named Esther who helps him express himself by giving him a walkman with rap; which helped him express what has happened in his past. He is then welcomed to live with his Uncle Tommy in Sierra Leone, who is his next new father figure. He is then more confident about himself and shares his storys with the United Nations in New York. Which helps him meet his foster mom named Laura Simms who helps brighten up his future and moves then lets him move to the United States with her. Ishmael then later returns to Freetown, Sierra Leone to live with Uncle Tommy again and while he is there the Civil War returns. His Uncle Tommys dies and then Ishmael moves back to the United States to live a new life. While Ishmael was growing up he never really had a real family. But he had many people to replace being in his own family, who gave shelter and trust. The people who played a role were Lieutenant Jabati, Esther, Uncle Tommy, and Laura Simms. If Ishmael had grown up with a family he would have probably been shaped very different then having to go through the suffering he had gone through. And Ishmael would have learned better things growing up with a family. During Ishmaels struggle he finds a family figure which keeps him surving with not much help. The first person to play a role as a family member is The Army Lietenant. He was found to  be a father figure to Ishmael because he teaches him to be a soldier by brainwashing him with drugs. In the book it says, â€Å" The boys and the other soldiers who were the audience clapped I was given the rank of junior lieutenant. We celebrated that day’s achievment with more drugs.. †(125). Also he had felt as a father figure because just like his father before he had past away the Lieutenant loved shakespeare. Another big point was that while he was a boy soldier and before that he had lost lots of friends which had made him put all his trust into the Lieutenant. Another point is that he had always called all the shots and this made him give respect. His last example is that he had erased Ishmaels name and turned it into â€Å"Green Snake† which makes Ishmael fell like he had created a new person and the old him was gone. All of these things had made Ishmael look up to the Lieutenant as a huge father figure but when the Lietenant had let him go to UNICEF he had felt very sad and betrayed. Another family figure which Ishmael finds during his struggle and finding out who he is was is his nurse Esther. Esther is a huge part which helps him survive becuase she buys him a  walkman. The music is helping him heal and is helping him get through his migraines from the drugs that the Lieutenant made him use and the hurtful memories he had. While letting out his emotion with Esther he is saving himseld from himself because if he had not let out his memories the pain would stay with in him. Even though it was hard for Ishmael to trust someone after being betrayed by the Lieutenant he had for the first time again. It was easy for him because Esther had made him feel as him she was his mother or sister by helping him feel love and being  around the same age as him. The third person who had Ishmael been a family figure to Ishmael was his Uncle Tommy who he had looked up to as a father figure. His Uncle Tommy started to visit him every weekened and started gaining trust. When he was let out of rehab Uncle Tommy took him in like a son. The reason why he had been a huge help because many people had known about his past and did not want to take Ishmael in to there house knowing he had been through a lot and could snap but his uncle tommy had looked beside that and wanted to give him a future. His Uncle Tommy wanted to give him love, acceptance, and wanted Ishmael to be a child again like he couldnt be. In the book it says â€Å"all I could think about was the discovery of a family I never thought existed. I was happy, but I had become accustomed to not showing it† (178). This is showing that ot had been making it a lot easier for Ishmael to heal from all of his horrible past again but he had not healed up all the way yet. Last but not least while Ishmael was at the United Nation Conference in New York city he had ran into a story teller named Laura Simms. After the conference she had talked to many kids  but had found Ishmael to be very special. So when he goes back to Sierra Leone she sends him money and he moves back and she becomes his foster mom. All this had made Ishmael feel wanted and loved again. With the love that Laura had showed him and compassion it had made it easier for ishameal to clear the road block to trusting and having a good future. She had also been a good Foster mom because even though she had known the kind of struggle he had in the past she had still took him in to her safe and peaceful home. In conclusion the importance to having a family while growing up can shape your future and  who you are. Ishmael had struggled since he was twelve years old and has had four different people play a family role in his life. It was either Lieutenant Jabati who was looked on as a father figure, Esther who was looked at as a sister and a mother, Uncle Tommy who was looked at as a father figure, and last but not least Laura Simms who was looked at as a mother figure. I believe every child should live in a house with a family and food because if it wasnt for all of these friends and families he would probably not have made it to succed and be where he is now, a new person.

Rebuttal Essay Sample on Clearing Self From Abuse to Another Person

Rebuttal Essay Sample on Clearing Self From Abuse to Another PersonIf you've been in an abusive relationship or any type of relationship for that matter, then perhaps you need a rebuttal essay sample on clearing self from abuse to another person. It's not so much that you want to appear as if you are someone who's suffering from abuse or a victim. You may also be embarrassed by the idea that you're not capable of having a meaningful relationship with another person or that you are going to end up hurting yourself.The best way to keep from doing this is to start by writing a rebuttal essay sample on clearing self from abuse to another person. It's easy to think about your circumstances and how they make you appear weak. You may also feel as if you aren't worth saving and that you can't be saved by anyone but yourself. Once you start writing this essay, you'll realize that you're right and that you can do it.The best rebuttal essay sample on clearing self from abuse to another person i s one that shows that you have the strength to find someone else to save you. At the very least, you can go back to your former partner and apologize and ask them to let you go and to move on. There are many ways that you can move on and that will allow you to get a fair shake from the courts.Writing a rebuttal essay sample on clearing self from abuse to another person will help you in the sense that you will likely be better able to handle the other person and have more confidence in yourself. You may not believe this but you will often know it by the end of the process. By writing a rebuttal essay sample on clearing self from abuse to another person, you'll learn how to stay confident in yourself and how to end a relationship that you truly don't want to end.Something else to keep in mind when you write a rebuttal essay sample on clearing self from abuse to another person is that you need to write as if you were the victim. You need to portray the scene as if you were a victim and you must not allow yourself to be portrayed as anything but an abused woman. Your abuser is going to be writing it, so you must portray yourself as a victim and not a party to the crime. This makes it easier for you to feel less ashamed about the situation and easier for you to continue to get out of it.Another thing to keep in mind when you write a rebuttal essay sample on clearing self from abuse to another person is that it's important to come out looking confident and happy. You have to show that you are strong and that you aren't going to be put into a box. You can't do this by having dark colors and splotches all over your paper. You have to show how you're happy, confident and happy.Writing a rebuttal essay sample on clearing self from abuse to another person is a great way to get out of the situation as soon as possible. It's one way that you can take the opportunity to get better and to learn more about yourself.

Free Essays on The Republic

The Republic written by Plato examines many things. It mainly is about the Good life. Plato seems to believe that the perfect life is led only under perfect conditions which is the perfect society. Within the perfect society there would have to be justice. In the Republic it seems that justice is defined many different ways. In this paper I am going to discuss a few. First I am going to discuss the reason why Glaucon and Adeimantus see justice as being a bad thing and it is better to live a unjust life. Plato's elder brother Glaucon argues that the just man is only just because of the fear that he will get caught and punished or the fear of having a bad reputations. He explains this decision in the story of the two magic rings. The rings of magic would make a man invisible whenever he turns it on his finger. He believed that each man would act in the same manor. They would both break into houses unseen, and help themselves to whatever they wanted. The just man would no longer feel the need to be just. He would have two lifestyles one, being just in front of the eyes of the society and two being the unjust man invisible unable to get caught. Glaucon say this proves that people are just only because they find it necessary. Adeimantus another philosopher and Socrates elder brother brought up the fact that we should take a look at the kinds of things people actually say when they get praised justice and condemn injustice. Adeimantus explains by saying that fathers tell there sons to be just because of the good reputations and social prestige that attaches to justice. So it is not justice itself that is recommended, but rather, the respectability that it brings with it. He believes that the son will realize to be just is only worth it if you can get a good reputation. Unless you are truly just the gods will punish you but as we have learned from the poets the gods can be bribed so if you ... Free Essays on The Republic Free Essays on The Republic Most normal individuals in the modern world would assume that all books written, not published, by man are based on either a portion of the author’s imagination, an event (biased or non-biased) in either history or during the life of the author, a straight-out autobiography, or a generalized biography of another person they once knew. However, this philosophical novel fits none of the descriptions above. The book is actually an in-depth recording of a philosophy contest between Plato’s teacher Socrates and several other great philosophers. What is significant about this contest is that, in it, Socrates describes his personal view of a â€Å"perfect world,† and why justice is so important in the process of creating a civilized world. The novel was completed in 370 B.C., and it describes a strong debate between Socrates and five other speakers. The two main arguments that he illustrates in this novel are that a ruler cannot obtain more power than the state, and that a philosopher is best suited to rule a nation since he has the ability to maintain this balance. Also, Socrates claims that only the philosopher has traveled beyond the â€Å"cave† of worldly desires and temptations to discover what justice really is. Socrates’ first major argument is with Thrasymachus in Book I. The current debate lies on the pure definition of justice. Thrasymachus claims that there is only one principle of justice: the interest of the more dominant force. Socrates counters this argument by using the phrase â€Å"the stronger.† He claims that the ruler of a nation will not be aided, but harmed, by an unintentional command, in the long run. Socrates then builds his argument gradually by stating that the good and just man looks out for the interest of the weaker, and not for himself. Thrasymachus tries to counter Socrates’s argument by vaguely proclaiming that injustice is more gainful than justice. However, Socrates bravely explains that the just ... Free Essays on The Republic The Republic written by Plato examines many things. It mainly is about the Good life. Plato seems to believe that the perfect life is led only under perfect conditions which is the perfect society. Within the perfect society there would have to be justice. In the Republic it seems that justice is defined many different ways. In this paper I am going to discuss a few. First I am going to discuss the reason why Glaucon and Adeimantus see justice as being a bad thing and it is better to live a unjust life. Plato’s elder brother Glaucon argues that the just man is only just because of the fear that he will get caught and punished or the fear of having a bad reputations. He explains this decision in the story of the two magic rings. The rings of magic would make a man invisible whenever he turns it on his finger. He believed that each man would act in the same manor. They would both break into houses unseen, and help themselves to whatever they wanted. The just man would no longer feel the need to be just. He would have two lifestyles one, being just in front of the eyes of the society and two being the unjust man invisible unable to get caught. Glaucon say this proves that people are just only because they find it necessary. Adeimantus another philosopher and Socrates elder brother brought up the fact that we should take a look at the kinds of things people actually say when they get praised justice and condemn injustice. Adeimantus explains by saying that fathers tell there sons to be just because of the good reputations and social prestige that attaches to justice. So it is not justice itself that is recommended, but rather, the respectability that it brings with it. He believes that the son will realize to be just is only worth it if you can get a good reputation. Unless you are truly just the gods will punish you but as we have learned from the poets the gods can be bribed so if you live the unjust life you can bribe the gods to not... Free Essays on The Republic The Republic written by Plato examines many things. It mainly is about the Good life. Plato seems to believe that the perfect life is led only under perfect conditions which is the perfect society. Within the perfect society there would have to be justice. In the Republic it seems that justice is defined many different ways. In this paper I am going to discuss a few. First I am going to discuss the reason why Glaucon and Adeimantus see justice as being a bad thing and it is better to live a unjust life. Plato's elder brother Glaucon argues that the just man is only just because of the fear that he will get caught and punished or the fear of having a bad reputations. He explains this decision in the story of the two magic rings. The rings of magic would make a man invisible whenever he turns it on his finger. He believed that each man would act in the same manor. They would both break into houses unseen, and help themselves to whatever they wanted. The just man would no longer feel the need to be just. He would have two lifestyles one, being just in front of the eyes of the society and two being the unjust man invisible unable to get caught. Glaucon say this proves that people are just only because they find it necessary. Adeimantus another philosopher and Socrates elder brother brought up the fact that we should take a look at the kinds of things people actually say when they get praised justice and condemn injustice. Adeimantus explains by saying that fathers tell there sons to be just because of the good reputations and social prestige that attaches to justice. So it is not justice itself that is recommended, but rather, the respectability that it brings with it. He believes that the son will realize to be just is only worth it if you can get a good reputation. Unless you are truly just the gods will punish you but as we have learned from the poets the gods can be bribed so if you ...

Immigrants and nativism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Immigrants and nativism - Essay Example This political party would oppress any immigrants for the existing job for the Native Americans (Bennett 179). During the potato famine in the mid 19th century, a huge wave of nativism took part in unite states after the migration of Irish Catholics to the country. Petitions to the congress from the northeastern state suggesting that the immigrants right to vote be limited. The Irish Catholics were barred from holding any public office across many states when the constitution became the law of the land in 1806. In Massachusetts and other colonies by the 1870s, a celebration of Guy Fawkes Day was done by burning the pope in effigy. Allegiance to the pope was viewed to bring political unrest in America by the natives. A national nativist movement was organized by November 1837 by anti-Catholics. With the increase in numbers of immigrants between 1820s-1850s, there was reinforcement of economic, social, and political concern in New York and other points was done. A native majority select committee in the House of Representatives endorsed legislation extending the naturalization period for all the immigrants especially the Irish Catholics who they deemed as uneducated, superstitious and dominated by their priests (Bennett, 174). Though, with much support, the legislation did not pass. A lot of legal restriction soon followed all trying to oppress the immigrants and even trying to get rid of

Women, marriage, and shame in the nineteenth century France Term Paper

Women, marriage, and shame in the nineteenth century France - Term Paper Example Flaubert relates the marriage and the shame Emma had to endure with the other ordinary women of France and the way French trends were followed by them. Emma, in the beginning of novel, is presented as a beautiful, sharp and happy girl but, after marriage is referred to as a troubled, unhappy and unsatisfied house wife and mother, while at the end of the novel, she portraits herself as a tragic heroine and kills herself. Emma Bovary (Madame Bovary): Madame Bovary, was the young and beautiful wife of a doctor named â€Å"Charles†. She lived in the world of imaginations and fantasy. For Emma, life was nothing but a bundle of excitements. She was not only beautiful, but was also very intelligent and sharp. But, unfortunately, she could not develop her mind as a cautious adult woman. She could not utilize her intelligence and be well-aware of the world and her surroundings. The world in which Emma would live was far more different from the actual world. Emma had a very extremely ro mantic view and imagination of the world. She strongly believed in romance and excitement related to romance. This opinion of her about a beautiful and romantic world differed from the real world. As Emma was in a habit of reading romantic books and novels, this habit drove her even more towards the heights of passion for romance. She grew even more desperate to experience it. After she met Charles, she felt that she was having a great compatibility with him as both of them enjoyed each other’s company. They would spend a lot of time meeting each other which would please not only Emma but also Charles. Soon with the consent of Emma’s father, they got married. But, unexpectedly Emma started getting bored after marriage and started losing interest in her husband. Therefore, Emma’s opinion about marriage and her excitement about romance in the married life perished away. She became quite disillusioned, dull and miserable about her married life as her husband Charle s was very good but a bit dull and boring and was not able to come up with the expectations of his wife, rather the imaginations of his wife. This dissatisfaction with her married life led Emma to two marital affairs. This was because she was trying to seek for more romantic pleasure and wanted to make her life risky and excited. Emma, after marriage, soon gave birth to a daughter who was named â€Å"Berthe†. This could prove to be a change and a reason to get excited fir Emma but even motherhood seemed boring to her and was again disappointed with her life Women in the 19th century France: Women in 19th century France, were quite different and far more responsible and loyal than the way Emma was described I the novel. They not only had to look after their home but also earn for their family. They would work in different fields performing different jobs in order to act as a helping hand for their husband. They would usually work outside their homes without their children, hus band and other members of the family being neglected. Working outside the home would make them face uncountable and unimaginable sorts of challenges which they would face readily and bravely and then would take good care of their family as well. Some women would work indoors as well, such as maids, laundry women, tailors etc. This would not only keep them safe from the challenges of the outer world but also provide them with the income to help their family. But, these kinds of indoor jobs were not always helpful and enough for their family, therefore, majority of them had to go out to

Poem and Short Story Essay Example for Free

Poem and Short Story Essay Mill of the Gods (Estrella Alfon) Among us who lived in Espeleta – that street that I love, about whose people I keep telling tales – among us, I say, there was one named Martha, and she was the daughter of Pio and Engracia. To all of us, life must seem like a road given us to travel, and it is up to Fate, that convenient blunderer, whether, that road be broad and unwinding, or whether it shall be a tortuous lane, its path a hard and twisted mat of dust and stones. And each road, whether lane or avenue, shall have its own landmarks, that only the traveller soul shall recognize and remember, and remembering, continue the journey again. To Martha, the gods gave this for a first memory: a first scar. She was a girl of twelve, and in every way she was but a child. A rather dull child, who always lagged behind the others of her age, whether in study or in play. Life had been so far a question of staying more years in a grade than the others, of being told she would have to apply herself a little harder if she didn’t want the infants catching up with her. But that was so dismal thing. She had gotten a little bit used to being always behind. To always being the biggest girl in her class. Even in play there was some part of her that never managed to take too great a part – she was so content if they always made her â€Å"it† in a game of tag, if only they would let her play. And when she had dolls, she was eager to lend them to other girls, if they would only include her in the fascinating games she could not play alone. This was she, then. Her hair hung in pigtails each side of her face, and already it irked a little to have her dresses too short. She could not help in her mother’s kitchen, and could be trusted to keep her room clean, but she was not ready for the thing her mother told her one night when she was awakened from sleep. It was a sleep untroubled by dreams, then all of a sudden there was an uproar in the house, and she could hear her mother’s frenzied sobbing, and it was not sobbing that held as much of sorrow as it did of anger. She lay still for a while, thinking perhaps she was dreaming, until she could hear her father’s grunted answers to the half – understood things her mother was mouthing at him. Then there were sounds that was clearly the sound of two bodies struggling in terrible fury with each other. She stood up, and like a child, cried into the night. Mother? She wailed the word, in her panic finding a little relief in her own wailing, Mother? And she heard her mother’s voice call her, panting out, saying, Martha, come quickly, come into this room! Martha got up and stood at the door of the room, hesitating about opening it, until her mother, the part of a terrible grasp, said Martha! So Martha pushed in the door, and found her mother and her father locked in an embrace n which both of them struggled and panted and had almost no breath left for words. Martha stood wide – eyed and frightened, not knowing what to do, just standing there, even though she had seen what it was they struggled for. A kitchen knife, blade held upwards in her mother’s hand. Her arms were pinioned to her sides by her husband, but her wild eyes, the frenzy with which she stamped her feet on his feet, and kicked him in the shins, and tried to bite him with her teeth, these were more terrible than the glint of that shining blade. It was her father who spoke to her saying urgently, Martha, reach for her knife, take it away. Yet Martha stood there and did not comprehend until her mother spoke, saying No, no; Martha, your father deserves to be killed. Then it was Martha who realized what she was to do, and slowly, hesitantly, she went near them, her fear of both of them in this terrible anger they now presented making her almost too afraid to reach up for the knife. But reach up she did, and with her child’s fingers, put her mother’s away from the weapon. And when she had it in her hands she did not know what to do with it, except look at it. It wasn’t a very sharp knife, but its blade was clean, and its hilt firm. And so she looked at it, until her father said. Throw it out of the window, Martha and without thinking, she went to a window, opened a casement and threw it away. Then her father released her mother, and once her mother had gotten her arms free, she swung back her hand, and wordlessly, slapped him; slapped him once, twice, three times, alternating with her hands, on alternate cheeks, until her father said. That’s enough, Engracia. And saying so, he took her hands in his, led her resisting to the bed, and made her sit down. And Martha was too young to wonder that her father, who was a big man, should have surrendered to the repeated slapping from her mother who was a very small frail woman. Her father said, â€Å"Aren’t you ashamed now Martha has seen? † And immediately her mother screamed to him, â€Å"Ashamed? Me, ashamed? I’ll tell Martha about you! † Her father looked at Martha still standing dumbly by the window out of which she had thrown the knife, and said, â€Å"No, Aciang, she is just a child. † And to her: â€Å"Martha, go back to bed. † But now her mother jumped up from the bed, and clutched at Martha, and brought her to bed with her. And deliberately without looking at Martha’s father, she said, Martha you are not too young to know. And so, the words falling from her lips with a terrible quiet, she told Martha. The words that were strange to her ears, Martha heard them, and listened to them, and looked from her mother to her father, and without knowing it, wetting her cheeks with her tears that fell. And then her mother stopped talking, and looking at her husband, she spat on him, and Martha saw the saliva spatter on the front of the dark shirt he wore. She watched while her father strode over them, and slowly, also deliberately, slapped her mother on the cheek. Martha watched his open palm as he did it, and felt the blow as though it had been she who had been hit. Then her father strode out of the room, saying nothing, leaving them alone. When her father had gone, Martha’s mother began to cry, saying brokenly to Martha, â€Å"It is that woman, that woman! † And making excuses to Martha for her father, saying it was never completely the man’s fault. And Martha listened bewildered, because this was so different from the venomous words her mother had told her while her father was in the room. And then her mother, still weeping, directed her to look for her father and Martha went out of the room. Her father was not in the house. The night was very dark as she peered out of the windows to see is she could find him outside, but he was nowhere. So she went back to her mother, and told her she could not find her father. Her mother cried silently, the tears coursing down her cheeks, and her sobs tearing through her throat. Martha cried with her, and caressed her mother’s back with her hands, but she had no words to offer, nothing to say. When her mother at last was able to talk again, she told Martha to go back to bed. But it wasn’t the child that entered who went out of that room. And yet the terror of that night was not so great because it was only a terror half – understood. It wasn’t until she was eighteen, that the hurt of that night was invested with its full measure. For when she was eighteen, she fell in love. She was a girl of placid appearance, in her eyes the dreaming stolid night of the unawakened. She still was slow to learn, still not prone to brilliance. And when she fell in love she chose the brightest boy of her limited acquaintance to fall in love with. He was slightly older than herself, a little too handsome, a trifle too given to laughter. Espeleta did not like him; he was too different from the other young me n on the street. But Martha loved him. You could see that in the way she looked at him, the way she listened to him. Martha’s pigtails had lengthened. She now wore her braids coiled on the top of her head like a coronet, and it went well with the placid features, the rather full figure. She was easily one of our prettier maidens. It was well that she was not too brilliant. That she did not have any too modern ideas. The air of shyness, the awkward lack of sparkling conversation suited her Madonna – like face and calm. And her seriousness with love was also part of the calm waiting nature. It did not enter her head that there are such things as play, and a game. And a man’s eagerness for sport. And so when she noticed that his attentions seemed to be wandering, even after he had admitted to a lot of people that they were engaged, she asked him, with the eager desperation of the inexperienced, about their marriage. He laughed at her. Laughed gently, teasingly, saying they could not get married for a long time yet; he must repay his parents first for all that they had done for him. He must first be sure to be able to afford the things she deserved. Well turned phrases he said his excuses with. Charming little evasions. And if she did not see through them while he spoke them, his frequent absences, where his visits had been as a habit; his excuses to stay away when once no amount of sending him off could make him stay away; these but made her see. And understand. And then the way neighbours will, they tried to be kind to her. For they could see her heart was breaking and they tried to say sweet things to her, things like her being far too good for him. And then they heard that he had married. Another girl. And they saw her grief, and thought it strange that a girl should grieve over an undeserving lover or so. She lost a little of the plumpness that was one of her charms. And into her eyes crept a hurt look to replace the dreaming. And Espeleta, with all the good people, strove to be even kinder to her. Watched her grief and pitied her. And told her that whatever mistakes she had committed to make her grieve so, to make her suffer so, they understood and forgave. And they did not blame her. But now that she had learned her lesson, she must beware. She knew her own father as much as they knew about him. And it was in the Fates that his sins must be paid for. If not by himself, then by whom but she who was begotten by him? So, didn’t she see? How careful she should be? Because you could, they said it to her gently, kindly, cruelly, because she could if she were careful, turn aside the vengeance of the implacable fates. And she believed them kind although she hated their suspicions. She believed them kind, and so she started, then, to hate her father. And that night long ago came back to her, and she wished she had not thrown that knife away. Espeleta saw Martha turn religious. More religious than Iya Andia and Iya Nesia, who were old and saw death coming close, and wanted to be assured of the easing of the gates of heaven. Espeleta approved. Because Espeleta did not know what she prayed for. Because they saw only the downcast eyes under the light veil, the coil of shining hair as it bowed over the communion rail. Yet Martha’s mother and father still lived together. They never had separated. Even after that night, when she was twelve years old and frightened, and she had called for him and looked for him and not found him. The next day he had come back, and between her mother and him there was a silence. They slept in the same bed, and spent the nights in the same room, and yet Martha and Espeleta knew he had another bed, another chamber. Espeleta praised Martha’s mother for being so patient. After Martha had fallen in love, when she began hating her father truly then also she began despising her mother. You did not know it to look at Martha. For her coil of braided hair was still there, and the shy way of speaking, and the charming awkwardness at conversation. And Martha made up her earlier lack of lustre by shining in her class now. She was eighteen and not through high school yet. But she made up for it by graduating with high honours. Espeleta clapped its hands when she graduated. Gave her flowers. Her mother and father were there, too. And they were proud. And to look at Martha, you would think she was proud too, if a little too shy still. Martha studied nursing. And started having visitors in her mother’s house again. Doctors this time. Older men, to whom her gravity of manner appealed, and the innate good sense that seemed so patient in her quiet demeanour. Espeleta was now rather proud of Martha. She seemed everything a girl should be, and they cited her as an example of what religion could do. Lift you out of the shadow of your inheritance. For look at Martha. See how different she is from what should be her father’s daughter. But what they did not know was that all of these doctors Martha had to choose someone slightly older than the rest. And where the girl of eighteen that she had been almost a child unschooled, now she was a woman wise and wary. Where the other nurses knew this doctor only as someone who did not like their dances as much as the younger ones, who did not speak as lightly, as flippantly of love as the younger ones, Martha knew why he didn’t. Between the two of them there had been, form the very start, a quick lifting of the pulse, an immediate quickening of the breath. From the very start. And where he could have concealed the secrets of life, he chose the very first time they were able to talk to each other, to tell her that he was not free. He had a wife, and whether he loved her or not, whether she was unfaithful to him or not, which she was, there had been the irrevocable ceremony to bind them, to always make his love for any other woman, if he ever fell in love again, something that must be hidden, something that might not see light. She was a woman now, Martha was. Wise and wary. But there is no wisdom, no weariness against love. Not the kind of deep love she knew she bore him. And as even she him, she found within herself the old deep – abiding secret hate. Against her father. Against the laws of man and church. Against the very fates that seemed rejoiced in making her pay for a sin she had not committed. She now learned of bitterness. Because she could not help thinking of that night, long ago, when her mother had sat on the bed, and in deliberate words told her just what kind of a father she had. It had been as though her mother had shifted on to her unwilling, unready shoulders the burden of the sorrows, the goad of the grief. Espeleta, that was so quick to censure, and to condemn; even Espeleta had taken the situation in Martha’s house as something that could not be helped. And as long as there was no open strife, Espeleta made excuses for a thing that, they said, had been designed by Fate. Martha’s father came home. Acted, on the surface, the good husband. And since he was married to Martha’s mother, so must Martha’s mother bear it, and welcome him home again. Because she would rather he came home, then went to the other one, wouldn’t she? Espeleta cited heavenly rewards. For Martha’s mother. And Martha went to church regularly, and was a good nurse. And still called her father, Father. You have heard that one of course, about the mill of the gods, how they â€Å"grind exceedingly fine, and grind exceedingly slow. † Espeleta hadn’t heard that one, nor had Martha. But Espeleta of course would have a more winded version of it. Anyhow, one day at the hospital, Martha was attendant nurse at an emergency case. A man had been shot. There were three bullets through his chest, but he was still alive. Martha laughed queerly to herself, saying I must be dreaming, I am imagining that man has my father’s face. It was the doctor she loved who was in charge. With a queer dreaming feeling, she raised her eyes to meet his, and was shocked to see him drop his gaze, and over his face steal a twist as of pain, as of pity. They were instantly their efficient selves again, cloaking themselves in the impersonal masks of physician and nurse. It was as if he who lay there beneath their instruments and their probing fingers was any man, the way it could be any man. Not her father. But all while, training and discipline unavailing. Martha said to herself, but it is my father. He died on the table. He never gained consciousness. Martha drew the sheet over his face and form. And watched as they wheeled him out of the room. She still had the instruments to put away and the room to put in order. But this did not take long and when she went out into the corridor, she found her mother weeping beside the shrouded form on the wheeled table. There was a policeman beside her awkwardly trying with gruff words to console the little woman over her loss. Beside the policeman stood also the doctor, who passed an arm around the shoulder of Martha’s mother, saying simply, we tried to save him. Martha joined them, knowing that she should be in tears, yet finding that she had none to shed. It would ease the tightness within her, would loosen the hard knot in her heart to cry. But you cannot summon tears when you feel no grief, and the pain you feel is not of sorrow but of the cruel justness of things. She could not even put her arms around her weeping mother. When the doctor told her that she would be excused from duty the rest of the day, that he would arrange it for her, she did not thank him. She did not say anything for indeed she no longer had any words, nor any emotions that required speech. Or should be given speech. For one cannot say, how right! How just! When one’s father has just died. Her mother and she took a taxi together to accompany the hearse that took her father home. There was a crowd awaiting them. Espeleta in tears. Espeleta crying condolence and opprobrium in the same breath. It was from them – their good neighbours, their kind neighbours – that Martha learned how â€Å"God’s justice had overtaken the sinner. † Colon is not as intimate as Espeleta. For it is a long street and broad street. But where the railroad crosses it, the houses group together in intimate warmth and neighbourly closeness and its families live each other’s lives almost as meddlingly as Espeleta does. And is as avid for scandals as Espeleta is. Among the people in Martha’s house were some from Colon. And it was they who supplied the grimmer details, the more lucid picture. In that other woman’s house – and Martha did not even know the other woman’s name there had existed the stalemate state of affairs that had existed in Martha’s house. Only where in Martha’s house it had been a wife who was patient, in that other woman’s house it had been the husband who had bided his time. And yet the neighbours had thought he had not cared. For indeed he had seemed like a man blind and deaf, and if he raised his voice against his wife, it was not so they could hear it. Yet today, he had come home, after he had said he was going away somewhere. And had come upon Martha’s father in the house, and had, without saying anything, taken out his revolver, and shot at him. Martha heard all these. And thought you know often life seems like an old – fashioned melodrama, guns and all. And yet the gun had not gone off. It had jammed, and Martha’s father had been able to run. And running, even as he seemed far enough from the house to be safe, the gun in the husband’s hand had come right again. The man had gone out in the street, aimed at the fleeing figure. That explained why the bullets had gone in through his back and out through his chest. They said that the street was spattered with blood and where he fell, there was a pool of gory red. The killer had surrendered himself at once. But everyone knew he would not pay with his life he had taken. For the woman was his wife and he had come upon them in his own home. Martha stayed with the kind condolers only a while. She left her mother for them to comfort as best as they could. They would have praises like â€Å"The good God knows best;† they would have words like, â€Å"Your grief is ended, let your other grief commence. † She went to look at her father lying well arranged now in his bier. Already in spite of the manner of his death, there were flowers for him. Death had left no glare in the eyes that the doctor at the hospital had mercifully closed, over the features lingered no evidence of pain. And Martha said, Death was kind to you. In Martha’s room there hung a crucifix. Upon the crossed wood was the agonized Christ, His eyes soft and deep and tender, even in his agony. But as Martha knelt, and lighted her candles, and prayed, in her eyes was no softness, and on her lips no words appealing for pity for him who had died. There was only the glitter of a justice meted out at last, and the thankfulness for a punishment fulfilled. So she gave thanks, very fervent thanks. For now, she hoped, she would cease to pay.