Education Philosophy Essay - 1069 Words

Education Philosophy My life has been influenced greatly by teachers. Since I was a child, teaching is all I wanted to do. My mother is a fifth grade teacher. I have quite a few friends that are teachers. I have been fortunate to be influenced by some great teachers throughout my academic career. I love to be around kids and I like participating in the process of learning. I appreciate learning even today. I enjoy the learning process and hope to one day influence students in the future. I hope to one day become a high school social studies teacher. I enjoy history and geography, and I especially love politics and discussing current events. I like class discussions and letting different opinions express themselves.†¦show more content†¦I do agree that students must be taught to appreciate learning primarily for its own sake rather than because it will help them in their careers. I agree that schools must place more emphasis on teaching about the concerns of minorities and women. I agr ee to reward students well for learning and they will remember and be able to apply what they learned, even if they were not led to understand why the information is worth knowing. I agree that schools must provide students with a firm grasp of basic facts regarding the books, people, and events that have shaped the nation’s heritage. I agree that teachers must stress for students the relevance of what they is learning to their lives outside, as well as inside, the classroom. I agree that students should not be promoted from one grade to the next until they have read and mastered certain key material. I agree that teaching strategies involve computer Simulation, role-playing, cooperative learning, internship, and work-study experiences. I agree academic rigor is an essential component of education. I agree that teachers must be willing to engage in ongoing renewal of their personal and professional lives. I agree that frequent objective testing is the best way to determine wh at students know. I would also agree that learning is more effective when students are given frequent tests to determine what they have leaned. I do not agree that the curriculum of the schools should focus on the great thinkers of theShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy : Philosophy Of Education1328 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy of Education Jihyae Choe Liberty University TESL 419 â€Æ' Philosophy of Education A good educator decides the direction of teaching based on a resolute educational philosophy. A firm and resolute philosophy does not equate with a fixed perspective, instead it is a strong foundation that can stabilize the life long educational career. In order to establish a firm philosophical basis, passion toward education should accompany proper understanding. Successful educators who establishedRead MorePhilosophy And Philosophy Of Education1866 Words   |  8 PagesPhilosophy of Education An educational philosophy gives teachers and all educators’ ways to use problem solving in schools. For a lot of practitioners, actual teaching has been reduced to action lacking of a rationale or justification. According to Alan Sadovick, the author of our textbook, a philosophy of education is â€Å"firmly rooted in practice, whereas philosophy, as a discipline, stands on its own with no specific end in mind† (Sadovnik, 2013, pg. 179). All teachers and prospective teachers haveRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education1175 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs is called a philosophy of education. â€Å"A philosophy of education represents answers to questions about the purpose of schooling, a teacher s role, and what should be taught and by what methods† (Philosophy of Education). Educational philosophies differ among all individuals in education. With individual educators, some choose a teacher-centered philosophy and others choose a student-centered philosop hy. It appears that both realms of philosophy play an important role in education inside the typicalRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe philosophy of education seeks to study the process and discipline of education in order to understand how it works, improve its methods and perfect its purposes in today’s society. How this is done is determined by how well the learner internalizes the concepts of the discipline taught by the educator. Educators have a tremendous responsibility not only to prepare students for their lives ahead, but also to contribute to the evolution of knowledge for future generations. Each generation notRead MorePhilosophy Of Education And Education928 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy of Education I believe philosophy of education is defined with learning in many ways. In order to reach a certain level of learning there’s recourse along the way that defines the person and goal. John Dewey said â€Å"educational philosophy centers pragmatism and the method of learning by doing.† Purpose of Schooling A hundred years ago the definition and purpose of schooling changed tremendously. There was a point in time where education was very mediocre and a diploma was not requiredRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy Of Education880 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Education Philosophy test that we took in class, my education philosophy matched with social reconstruction. Social Reconstructionist believes that systems must keep changing to improve human conditions. Also, emphasizes social questions and to create a better society. Social reconstructionist believe that you have to start over to make things better. While going through the PowerPoint that explained what social reconstitution is, in a deeper way, I came to the conclusion that socialRead MoreMy Philosophy On The Philosophy Of Education844 Words   |  4 PagesIn mathematics, as in life, everything must be brought to the simplest of terms. I base my teaching philosophy on the foundation that every student is capable of learning m athematics. I will strive, as a teacher, to ensure that my students are able to have a strong foundation of mathematical skills when they leave my classroom. Some students believe that they are not mathematically gifted; therefore, incapable of learning mathematics. I believe to the contrary, all students with motivation, sustainedRead More Education Philosophy Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesEducational Philosophy I have an eclectic philosophy of education that I derived from a wide range of pre-existing philosophies. I identify most with the philosophies of essentialism and perennialism. In my opinion, students should have a strong foundation in the core curriculum areas of English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Science. After all, house built on a weak foundation will not stand. I also prefer the perennialist’s approach of studying the classics like Homer, ShakespeareRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe philosophy of education is not a topic that can be fully taught and understood by reading and studying a textbook, or a few textbooks for that matter. I believe that the philosophy of education is somewhat subjective, rather than objective, and that there exists numerous answers to what is the â€Å"philosophy of education†. I feel that one’s answers can not be expressed with a single word nor a sentence; and that one has to â€Å"experience† rather than just read to find the answer. Yes, a huge part ofRead MorePhilosophy : The Liberalistic Philosophy Of Education807 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Education 2 Perspective: The Liberalistic Philosophy of Education The empowerment of individuals within a community appeared to be nonexistent in Greek philosopher Plato s, Allegory of the Cave. Preferentially, it was simply not within the range of one s knowledge, experience, or understanding; strange; therefore, unfamiliar. Greek philosopher Plato, an astute student of Socrates, his focal point - an advocate

Contrast and Compare Cbt and Existential Therapy Essay

Contrast and compare CBT and Existential therapy Cognitive-behavioural therapy or CBT is representative of the integration of behavioural therapy and cognitive therapy. It encourages the empowerment of an individual to be able to change how they think (cognitive) and how awareness of particular problematic patterns may impact upon our consequent responses (behaviour) (R ch7). Pivotal to our understanding of such mental health problems from a CBT perspective is Beck’s ‘Cognitive theory of emotion’. It purposes that events and situations are not responsible for emotional responses. Instead it is the ‘meanings’ we attach which reflect the complex interaction between an individual’s history, mood and the context of experience. These†¦show more content†¦Existentialist ideas are brought into the therapeutic process as hermeneutics; the methods of interpretation of personal meanings which enable the therapist to better understand the client’s issues in living.R By working through a multiple of universal aspects of what it is to be human a client is helped to seek new ways of living. In terms of sadness and depression, comparisons and contrasts can be made between CBT and existential therapy. Heidegger and Boss understood sadness or depression as a mood invoked by feelings of being closed off from an aspect of our freedom. They suggest that depression is a consequence of this restricted way of thinking and not the result of inner psychological conflict. Contrastingly, through Beck’s pivotal cognitive theory of emotion, CBT considers sadness or depression to be a common negative emotional response or disorder associated with thoughts and mental images from the past brought about by a viscous cycle of negative patterns of interpretation and dysfunctional reactions which further compound a negative mood. It further suggests that feelings of sadness or even depression are associated with a perception that something has been lost, actually or conceptually. Our experience of past, present and future are seen as key factors in mental distress byShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Psychotherapy Has Undergone Sensational Change.1915 Words   |  8 Pageshumanistic, counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy existential psychology, as well as mindfulness and other approaches, has been subject to discussion and debate, â€Å"it is purposed that confusion and anxiety could inccur the need to choose from such a broad array of services on offer, by any potential client† (Carbonell, 2017) This essay provides a synopsis of two unique sorts of treatment namely Existential therapy and Cognitive behavioural therapy, and their use in clients suffering fear andRead MoreTherapeutic Models, Person Centred And Existential2072 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will explore two therapeutic models, Person-Centred and Existential, with the aim of understanding the similarities and differences in terms of their fundamental principles, approach and techniques as well as the situations in which they may be best applied. Person-centred therapy was developed by Carl Rogers as a new approach to therapy which put the emphasis on the quality of the relationship between the therapist and client and redefined the roles they would both play in the therapeuticRead MorePsychotherapy and Depression Essay2783 Words   |  12 Pagesthe various symptoms of sadness and hopelessness characteristic of major depression can be cured simply by balancing the chemical messengers in charge of happiness and motivation in the brain or must the need to be perceived and understood through therapy be satisfied? Are we, as humans, simply biological machines, or is there something more? Considering the research question: â€Å"How do the benefits and limitations of antidepressants and psychotherapy in reducing symptoms of major depression give aRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Chapter Mood Disorders5762 Words   |  24 Pages Which of the following symptoms characterize a manic episode? A. feelings of guilt B. irritability C. anhedonia D. loss of energy 10. A 35-year-old individual named Manny has recently formulated an elaborate plan to cure AIDS with vitamin therapy. To provide funding for this cause he has withdrawn all the money from his bank account and purchased thousands of jars of vitamins and small boxes in which to put them. When he appeared at a hospital emergency room loudly demanding names of patients

Essay on The Morality of Torture - 1338 Words

The Morality of Torture The moral issue of torture is one that has come under scrutiny by many national and international organizations as of late. To talk about torture one must really understand what torture is. As taken from Dictionary.com â€Å"1.a. Infliction or severe physical pain as a means of punishment or coercion. b. An instrument or a method for inflicting such pain. 2. Excruciating physical or mental pain; agony. 3. Something causing severe pain or anguish.† This is just the literal meaning of the word but doesn’t entail the great horror that usually accompanies torture. As stated in the â€Å"Ticking Bomb† example given on the instruction sheets, â€Å"The interrogation won’t be pretty, and the prisoner may never recover. Shall we do†¦show more content†¦Mistreatment of people creates resentment and anger in the individual and his family, friends and community, and therefore any government-sanctioned torture here is certain to generate more hateful opponen ts of the US. The official use of torture by the President or another governing body in the U.S. (as given as a replacement on the instruction sheet for this paper) would nullify US efforts against torture abroad and undermine U.S. human rights policy. It also would signal to other governments that when faced with a special situation, any behavior is acceptable. It has been proven by organizations such as Human Rights Watch, United States Institute of Peace and The Crimes of War Project that legitimizing torture, even on a small scale, or any form of cruel treatment brings the principles and ethics that society is based on down. Especially if the U.S. uses it because to the rest of the world we are looked up to as the most law-biding nation, yet we bend the rules to fit each circumstance and look for the loop holes which brings further scrutiny on specific things such as; a POW not being a terrorist detainee and are somehow outside the realm of human rights laws against torture. Not only can torture be unproductive it can also work totally against a nation that uses it. For instance if the U.S. didn’t enforce the universally recognized right to not be tortured itShow MoreRelatedThe Morality Of Torture Is Always Morally Wrong977 Words   |  4 Pages The morality of torture has been debated for years. This paper will specifically discuss two articles of opposing viewpoints. David Gushee fervently argues against torture in his article Torture is Always Morally Wrong. In Torture is Moral When Inflicted for a Greater Good Patrick Buchanan argues in favor of torture. The latter of the two, presents the strongest case. Each article grapples the issue of torture in a unique perspective. Gushee’s bold stance against torture is clearly influenced byRead MoreThe Morality Of Torture On The Middle East Today And The War On Terrorism2356 Words   |  10 PagesMorality of Torture. With the issues going on in the Middle East today and the war on terrorism, the use of torture including murder, is a very widespread and controversial issue. Torture is viewed as morally wrong; therefore it is also legally wrong as well, not just on the home front but internationally as well (Is Torture Ever Justified). However, torture is sometimes not only right, but is needed for a greater good. With the case of torture you may not be able to see whether it is clearly wrongRead MoreThe Ethics of Torture Essay examples1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe institution of torture has been in existence for quite sometime; however, it was not always seen as an ethical question. In antiquity, the Romans employed something known as â€Å"the cat-of-nine-tails,† which was a flogging instrument with nine sharp ends. However, the use of torture was not confined to the West, the Chinese utilized â€Å"bamboo sticks to beat people.† During antiquity, torture was used as a punishme nt, but during the Spanish Inquisition, this notion of torture evolved to a meansRead MoreTorture Has Been Practiced Throughout History1685 Words   |  7 PagesTorture has been practiced throughout history. â€Å"Torture is any act that intentionally inflicts severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, when executed to serve a stated purpose other than punishment, such as gathering intelligence information or intimidating government dissenters†(â€Å"Torture†). Many cultures throughout history, such as the Romans, Jews, Egyptians, and many more have used torture as part of their justice and law system. One of the Roman’s torturing methods was crucifixionRead MoreTorture and Ethics1604 Words   |  7 PagesTorture and Ethics Paper Alfreepha Williams AJS/532 July 21, 2013 Patricia DeAngelis Torture and Ethics There are many views or definition of the word â€Å"torture†, which is often debated by many individuals. According to â€Å"International Rehabilitation Council For Torture Victims† (2005-2012), â€Å"torture is an act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining information or a confession, punishing him for anRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Violation1498 Words   |  6 Pagessubjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment† (O’Byrne, 2003, pg. 400). This human rights violation is also discussed in Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (408). While torture is discussed in many covenants and declarations as morally and legally wrong, many still argue that torture can be justified in certain situations. There are many answers and theories that can be applied to the everlasting question, is torture wrong? All theRead MoreThe United States War On Terror1158 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the major innovations fostered by the â€Å"War on Terror† was the expansion of torture. The dramatic rise in terrorism sparked the unethical advancement of interrogation techniques in order to more effectively acquire information. The emergence of the â€Å"War on Terror† required government officials acquire intelligence in a new way thus spawning the emergence of â€Å"enhanced interrogation† methods, however, the morality of these techniques would come into question as they were revealed to the publicRead MoreTorture Allowed in the United States1408 Words   |  6 Pagessimilar incidents. Torture can be used to prevent these terrible incidents and save the lives of many people. Torture in the United States has been a debatable subject for many years now but after resent tragedies, the idea of torture of many American citizens has changed. It has also been de bated over more after the attacks on September 9, 2001 than any other time in American history. Many fight the legalization of torture for moral and civil reasons but the truth is that torture is a lesser evilRead MoreTorture and National Security: A Moral Question Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of morals, why they are important, and to whom or for whom our moral responsibility lends itself. The curriculum is a comprehensive examination of these questions and successfully projects ideas about human morality that, depending on which text, either affirmed or questioned our morality. In addition, we have addressed moral disengagement, a plague that seems to inject every one of us with the ability to ignore or reject situations which call for moral action. While the curriculum does an appropriateRead MoreTerrorism : The United States1154 Words   |  5 Pagesruthless, but when they are in our hands what exactly is acceptable to save lives. Interrogation can quickly turn t o torture as the line between the two can be thin. To understand and better handle these situations requires a proper perspective of morality, the purpose of interrogation and law. Morality is a tough subject and is defined by groups of people differently. Morality may have universal parts, but often it varies from culture to culture. (4) When molarity is discussed often times the

Pakistan s Armed Forces Of Pakistan Essay - 1050 Words

Military Pakistan’s armed forces consists of three branches, an Army, Navy and Air Force. The military service age is 16-23 years old for voluntary service, but can only deploy for combat once a male reaches 18 years of age. Pakistan’s paramilitary forces consists of Pakistani rangers and Mehran forces, whose sole purpose is border patrol. The Frontier Corp is responsible for protecting the western borders. Maritime Security Agency is responsible for patrolling Pakistan’s territorial waters and the Airport Security protects airports in Pakistan. (â€Å"Pakistan military strength,† 2006) Pakistan labor force for their armed forces is approximately 62,000,000. Pakistan has approximately 20 military bases throughout Pakistan. The current chief of Pakistan’s Army is General Raheel Sharif. The Pakistan armed force fighting and supporting arms include an Armored Corps, Artillery and Army Air Defense. The force also includes Infantry, Engineers and an Ar my Aviation Corps. Pakistan has many of the same academic schools as the United States Army to include Junior Leaders Academy (JLA), which is equivalent to Advanced Leaders Course (ALC). (â€Å"Pakistan army web portal,† n.d) Pakistan does not have much of an information Warfare capability. Computers are still almost non-existent and the government owned telecommunications barley provides security. Due to the lack of security measures, it is easy for propaganda and defamation of the government to be presented to the local populaceShow MoreRelatedOthe Native Population And Original Form Of Government1652 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment in Pakistan. The population of Pakistan is 195,685,058 as of March 27th, 2017, based on the latest United Nations estimates. This is equivalent to 2.62% of the total world population, ranking at number 6 in the list of countries and colonies by population. In 1955, just a few years after Pakistan became an independent country in 1947, the population was at 40,427,072. This is a rise of approximately 150,000,000 in 62 years. o The colonial era and the influence of European rulers on Pakistan andRead MoreThe Relations And Roles Of The Iran And Iraq War1237 Words   |  5 PagesPAK-IRAN RELATIONS Chronicled BACKGROUND: After the chance of Pakistan in Aug 1947, Iran had the novel distinction of being the main country to overall distinguish the sovereign position of Pakistan. As of now, the two nations are financially savvy partners. This cooperation made due all through the Awesome War, with Iran helping Pakistan in its debate with main adversary, Local neighborhood Indian nearby. In return once more, Pakistan expanded Iran militarily amid the Iran– Iraq War in the Nineteen-eightiesRead MoreThe Relations Between India And Pakistan1168 Words   |  5 PagesPakistan’s alliance began in the early 1960’s through the early 1970’s when conflicts between India vs. China and Pakistan had intensified. The Sino-Indian war that took place in 1962 ended as fast as it began. Along with the war that had taken place between India and Pakistan in 1965 and in 1971 when another indo-Pakistani war erupted and East Pakistan claimed independence and is known today as Bangladesh (Hagerty, 200 2). In this comparison China and Pakistan had identified their similar interests withRead MoreThe United States : Military Security And Foreign Affairs Essay1264 Words   |  6 Pagesbattlefield weapons capable of inflicting very serious damage and being unlawful for use outside combat zones. She states that police are the proper law enforcement agents, outside these zones, and are generally required to warn before using lethal force. By failing to restrict these remote weapons systems to the battlefield the U.S. is failing to respect a basic rule that contradicts the goal of winning hearts and minds to respect the rule of law. She breaks her speech into three sections: dronesRead MoreThe War Between India And Pakistan1090 Words   |  5 PagesIn the middle of 1971 the war between India and Pakistan became a must for India, there seemed no miracle to halt the inevitable nor Allah wanted Pakistan to keep continuing with its’ nefarious activities, and the entire world leader s and major powers become active to have their own slice of flash. The intelligence agencies of USA, USSR, China, India, Pakistan and other countries became highly active, sensitive to each and every movement in the Indian-sub-continent. Israel’s Mossad came out highlyRead MorePakist A Regional And Middle Power1046 Words   |  5 Pages Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. It has many ethnicities and many languages that people speak in this country. A regional and middle power, Pakistan has the seventh largest standing armed force in the world and is a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state. They are the only nation in the Muslim world and the second Country in South Asia to have that status. It has a semi-industrialized economy with a well-integratedRead MoreThe United States Department Of Defense Defines Terrorism2181 Words   |  9 Pagesgenerally political, religious, or ideologica l.† Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation—and each element produces terror in its victims. The FBI uses this definition: Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism to be premeditated politically-motivatedRead MoreDrone Assassination : A New Type Of Warfare1684 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States deployed Special Forces to overthrow the Taliban. Three months later the Special Forces were successful in driving the Taliban out of Afghanistan. After this overthrow, top leaders of the Taliban fled to Northwestern Pakistan. This presented a number of problems to the United States. The biggest problem was the United States was not at war with Pakistan, which is an ally and a member of NATO. Meaning the United States could not enter the country of Pakistan and pursue the Taliban leadersRead MoreEssay on The Legitimacy of U.S. Drone Strikes 1642 Words   |  7 Pagesafter 1985 (Shaw, 2012, p. 1490). As the United States initiated the use drones against Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces, vast criticism sparked throughout the world questioning its legality under the international law. In this paper, I will focus o n the legitimacy of targeted killing, its ambiguous lawfulness under jus ad bellum [Latin - right to war], and humanitarian problems caused in Pakistan during Bush and Obama administrations. I will conclude my paper by claiming that the current drone policy ofRead MoreThe Threat Of Al Qaeda1043 Words   |  5 PagesAl-Qaeda is one of the major global militant terrorist that was founded in Peshawar, Pakistan in the year of 1988. Al-Qaeda is consisted a terrorist groups in different countries such as Russia, India, United States, United Nations Security Council, NATO also known as North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the European Union, France, New Zealand, Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Israel, Japan, India, South Korea, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Ireland, Canada, Phillippines, Turkey, and Sweden. Al-Qaeda

Cambodian Genocide free essay sample

Cambodia, a southeastern Asian country, has endured many feats in history and has often been conquered but never has it seen such a devastation as heinous as in the year 1970. With a population of roughly 7 million people at the time, almost all Cambodians prior to genocide practiced Buddhism. The country was reigned by France for nearly 100 years and finally gained independence in 1953. Cambodia then became a constitutional monarchy when Prince Sihanouk took place as king. After much struggling to keep his land independent from other countries, Sihanouk was deposed in a military coup involving Prime Minister General Lon Nol. This caused the Vietnamese communists that lived partially in Cambodia to form a rebellious group called the Khmer Rouge. Invasions seemed never ending for the country, as Sihanouk was unable to regain his power as king. Tension between Lon Nol’s government and Khmer Rouge had risen to an all time high until Khmer Rouge gained complete power of the country in 1975 and the official name was even changed to Democratic Kampucha. We will write a custom essay sample on Cambodian Genocide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What we know today as called Cambodia became a hostile and very dangerous place to live, as it was basically war grounds for the Vietnamese war. Overthrown by Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, Cambodians were forced to follow an organized extremist program to simulate Maoist communism. All laws and rights previously cherished by the country were aborted and Pol Pot’s plan was to annihilate traditional Cambodian society. People whose families had lived in Cambodia for countless generations were suddenly forced on extremely short notice to flee their homes. The Khmer Rouge ruthlessly murdered any person on the spot if they refused to leave their homes or even took too long to leave. Those who didn’t obey orders were shot. Babies, sick children, the elderly and disabled people were also shot for not being able to leave soon enough. All establishments were shut down. Factories, hospitals, schools, temples and universities no longer existed, nor did religion, music or personal relationships. All people who had earned  professional titles, such as doctors, teachers, engineers, lawyers and countless others were sought out by Khmer Rouge and murdered alongside their extended families. People who were kept in the country were forced to work in labor camps and were barely kept alive. Countless fell ill and later died from poor living conditions because they were not treated or cared for. All minorities including Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai were murdered. Half of the Muslim population was wiped out, along with roughly 8,000 Christians. Throughout the 1980’s efforts were made by outside countries to demolish the Khmer Rouge and resurrect Cambodian society. Finally in 1991 Cambodia accomplished a peace treaty to enforce ceasefire and eventually Sihanouk was reclaimed the King, two years later. Reconstruction was not easy since all of the people who were trained in engineering, law, medicine and leaders were killed. Also the economy was destroyed due to Pol Pot and his outlook on foreign aid. A peace keeping force was created to deal with any issues involving refugees. Today Cambodia is once again a constitutional monarchy and is controlled by a senate and numerous other politicians. An advanced and organized government clearly exists and lands that were once places of terror have now been made into memorials dedicated to the many Cambodians who were murdered. Although the psychological scars that were caused by traumatic genocide will never cease, a greater sense of nationalism has been created and the population that is made up of mostly people who haven’t experienced the genocide has accomplished a great recovery. I feel that the steps that were taken by those who helped liberate Cambodia were successful in redeeming their society, considering how disturbing the genocide was. The genocide laws that were enforced in this case seem mostly for political reasons, but there were exceptions of laws that simply were not reasonable. Laws that restricted people from participating in school, practicing their specific trade and going to their place of religion or even praying, can be categorized as politically driven since the Khmer Rouge was determined to make Cambodia identical to Maoist China. The reasoning behind laws such as the prohibition of personal relationships, wearing eye glasses, music, radio sets, knowing a foreign language, laughing, crying and expressions of affection are not political, but rather selfish and obviously intolerant. Since this specific genocide is linked to the Vietnamese War that involved mass death in other countries as well, it is imaginable that the near regions that experienced genocide as well were quite similar. An account that is comparable to the Cambodian genocide is the genocide that occurred in Rwanda. Besides the fact that Rwanda also has a beautiful subtropical climate, both countries suffered horrible due to the misdoing of their own people. Both countries endured a crippling massacre that will forever remain in their history and be revisited by the countless people who lost their families. Also, the economies of the countries were both severely damaged, leaving today’s population with a disadvantage as the economy and education systems advance at a very slow pace. I have never encountered any type of massacre or terrible tragedy, especially at this scale, but can sympathize for the people who did or did not survive this horror. Since I haven’t encountered anything like this I don’t have anything personal to share concerning genocide. Although by being an American in the 21st century, the terrorist attacks known as 9/11 is a relatable tragedy. Thousands of people were injured or killed that day because of the view the terrorists had towards America. The amount of people who were killed was not entirely catastrophic to our society as in the case of Cambodia and I am not sure if it can necessarily be considered genocide but the intentions of the terrorists are similar in a way to those of Khmer Rogue. Khmer Rogue was intolerant and controlling when they were not justified in doing so, especially considering the amount of innocent people who were murdered. Pol Pot knew how we wanted to run his version of Cambodia and did not care that Khmer Rogue was destructive towards Cambodian society. I believe that when the Al-Qaeda terrorists crashed into the twin towers their intentions were to cripple our society and make the statement that they do not agree with the way we run our country. Regardless of how many people are killed in attempt to harm a country’s society, those who murder due to intolerance do not deserve to exist. Over half of the population of Cambodia was murdered throughout the few years that the Khmer Rogue was in power, therefor harming their future potential in the world. I think that the chances of war ever coming to an end for human beings all over the world are extremely slim, but if war for the sake of intolerant control over people continues to occur war will never end. Genocide spreads hatred that cannot be destroyed.

Structure And Function Of A Protein @Dehydrogenase

Question: Write a short essay on the structure and function of a protein from the following list: Phosphoglycerate mutase, Glycogen synthase, Aconitase, Alcohol dehydrogenase ? Answer: Function NAD (P) dependent oxido-reducatases catalyse the reversible oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. Among them, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) comprises a group of dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyzes the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the concomitant reduction of NAD+ or NADP+. The said enzyme is a 146.8KDa protein, found in animals, plant, fungi, algae, bacteria and other related species (Ying Ma, 2011). The principal metabolic purpose that is being facilitated with this enzyme functioning is the breakdown of alcoholic substances in the body, which otherwise can be toxic. On the contrary, in case of yeast and certain other bacterial species, ADH1 plays a crucial role in an opposite reaction as part of the process of fermentation, for continuous production of NAD+. The enzyme is composed of 347 amino acids and its isoelectric point is 6.23 (Hansch, 1972). This ubiquitous group of enzymes are present in div erse tissues like liver, kidneys, gastric mucosa and mammary glands in human and other developed species. To cope up with the alcoholic substrates this group of enzymes evolved in the course of evolution, which is capable of decomposing or processing such organic compounds. The regulation of ADH is being studied in diverse organisms, notably yeast, drosophila, maize and human. Multiple ADH isozymes are differentially expressed in each of these organisms. Mutants lacking each of the isozymes show greater tolerance to allyl alcohol, which is converted to the toxin acrolein by ADH. Structure Structurally, the enzyme composed of a tetramer where each of the subunit contains a zinc atom (Zn+2). The zinc ion is stabilized with the close state formed by four Cysteine residues, viz. Cysteine 97, Cysteine 100, Cysteine 103 and Cysteine 111. The coordination of these residues with Zn+ ion gives a positioning of symmetric tetrahedron. The said coordination is important for the enzyme functioning, which is believed to be governed by electrostatic interaction (Bergquist, 2000). Each monomer is distinguished into two domains, a co-enzyme binding and a catalytic domain. Three dimensional structure of the active site explored the presence of a hydrogen-bonded proton-relay system. Two distinct active site sulfhydryl groups are there which are responsible for differential reactivity to iodoacetate and butyl isocyante (Eklund, 1976). Therefore the active centre in the quaternary structure of the active enzyme corresponds to each individual chain consisting of one reactive sulfhydryl gro up, which in turn is bound to one atom of zinc and 1 mole of NAD+/NADP+. Here the zinc acts as an electron attractor, where it gives rise to increased electrophilic character of the aldehyde. Therefore its mechanism of action essentially based on the electrophilic catalysis mediated by the active site zinc atom. With the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, this enzyme catalyzes interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones. The first-ever isolated alcohol dehydrogenase was purified from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast). Yeast ADH (YALD1) is one of the first enzymes to be crystalized (Leskovac, 2002). In 1937, crystallized ADH form was isolated from brewers yeast by Negelein and Wulff (1937). Later seven genes were identified to express ScADH1 in large amounts in presence of glucose. YADHD1 is a constitutive enzyme that reduces acetaldehyde into ethanol during fermentation of glucose. It is a zinc-containing protein, and it accounts for the ma jor part of ADH activity in growing bakers yeast (Branden, 1973). Glycolysis and aerobic respiration are the two metabolic pathways observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ethanol is the important metabolite in yeast metabolic system, being the end product of glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation. Pyruvate synthesized in glycolysis is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2 and acetaldehyde in turn is then reduced to ADH1. Therefore in yeast, YADHD1 performs the last step in the conversion of food into metabolic energy by creating ethanol instead of detoxifying it. For industrial purpose, humans exploit this metabolic pathway in order to produce alcoholic beverages (Parlesak, 2002). Relationship between Structure and Function The main mechanism of action of the enzyme, can be narrated in the following steps. It is noteworthy to mention that the following points can be considered as the key steps of the reaction catalysed by ADH (Danielsson, 1992). Binding of the ADH enzyme to the coenzyme NAD+ for functional activation. Binding of the alcohol (as substrate) with ADH. This binding of enzyme and substrate is facilitated with coordination to zinc atom. Deprotonation in the enzyme at Histidine 51 position. This deprotonation is subsequently followed by deprotonation of nicotinamide ribose. Deprotonation of another residue in protein, Threonine 48, for accompanying the alcohol molecule. Final deprotonation of the alcohol molecule. Hydride transfer mechanism mediated from the corresponding alkoxide ion to NAD+ Formation and release of the final product (aldehyde). It is important to mention that there are other amino acids, which are involved in the catalytic action. To be particular, these residues are Cysteine 46, Cysteine 174 and Histidine 67. A simplified illustration of the reaction is given below. CH3CH2OH -------- CH3CHO --------- CH3COOH (Ethanol) (Acetaldehyde) (Acetic acid) The corresponding reaction between ethanol to acetaldehyde is catalysed by alcohol dehydrogenase, and the subsequent reaction from acetaldehyde to acetic acid is catalysed by aldehyde dehydrogenase. CH3CH2OH + NAD+ ------------ CH3CHO + NADH + H+ Thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of YADHD1 have been measured in solution with different stabilizing additives such as sugar or osmolytes. Thermal denaturation temperature (Td) for yeast ADH without additives has been reported to be 61.3C. Sucrose, which is known to be a compatible osmolyte, showed maximum increase in the Td by more than 12C (Eckstein, 2004). On the other hand, the kinetic deactivation process of ADH1 can be explained by first order rate-kinetics. The loss of kinetic stability of ADH1 is correlated with the change in its active site of the protein (Mildvan, 1969). Moreover, the kinetic stability of the enzyme is affected at a much lower temperature than that of its thermodynamic stability. Study indicated that thermal unfolding is not encountered below 60C whereas the kinetic deactivation is observed even at 50C. Therefore the kinetic stability is much more delicate compared to its thermodynamic stability, as it needs a large scale of denaturation of the whole p rotein structure. Kinetic studies of commercially available ADHs revealed that they are capable of oxidizing all primary alcohols of chain length of between 2 and 10 carbon atoms (Klinman, 1981). References Bergquist, C., Storrie, H., Koutcher, L., Bridgewater, B. M., Friesner, R. A., Parkin, G. (2000). Factors influencing the thermodynamics of zinc alkoxide formation by alcoholysis of the terminal hydroxide complex,[TpBut, Me] ZnOH: an experimental and theoretical study relevant to the mechanism of action of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. 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(1972). Alcohol dehydrogenase structure-activity relationships. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 247(14), 4703-4710. Klinman, J. P. (1981). Probes of mechanism and transition-state structure in the alcohol dehydrogenase reactio. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 10(1), 39-78. Leskovac, V., Trivi, S., Peri in, D. (2002). The three zinc containing alcohol dehydrogenases from baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS yeast research, 2(4), 481-494. Mildvan, A. S., Weiner, H. (1969). Interaction of a Spin-labeled Analogue of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide with Alcohol Dehydrogenase III. thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural properties of ternary complexes as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244(9), 2465-2475. Negelein E, Wulff HJ (1937). Biochem. Z. 293: 351 Parlesak, A., Billinger, M. H. U., Bode, C., Bode, J. C. (2002). Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity in man: influence of gender, age, alcohol consumption and smoking in a Caucasian population. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37(4), 388-393. Ying, X., Ma, K. (2011). Characterization of a zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase with stereoselectivity from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus guaymasensis. Journal of bacteriology, 193(12), 3009-3019.